John Locke’s theory about political power

John Locke's theory about political power is based on the idea of â€Å"perfect freedom†, a state everyone is â€Å"naturally in† while conducting personal proceedings and using possessions in normal way without pressing over or depending on other men. A law of nature governs the state of nature teaching that all people are â€Å"equal and independent† but they cannot hurt or destroy another person's â€Å"life, liberty, health or possessions†. God gives to his people different things to use for the best advantage of their lives but no one is born to has a domination over the other.There is a natural way in which a man can express the right to the things that are not beneficial to any other man yet. Then determination of property is given. Locke Justifies property as â€Å"the labor of his body and the work of his hands†. For the property to occur a person takes something from nature, mixes it with things that used to belong to him and adds his labo r. This individual labor is basically a main point from which exclusive right for the property starts and becomes unquestionable for the laborer as long as good enough is left for others.Every man is â€Å"lord† of his own. So, the only reason why man can give up his personal freedom and be bonded by political power of another man is his own consent and wish to unite with others into one mutually beneficial community. This community or government is considered to be safer, more comfortable and peaceful than life in his personal estate that could be endangered to â€Å"invasions of others†. The state of personal freedom is very unsafe and less enjoyable than secure life in society which is concerned about preservation of property.Tyranny is an â€Å"exercise of power beyond right†. It happens when anyone uses his r her power not for the best of others, but for the satisfaction of personal passions such as greediness, ambitions, wish to overpower others against th e law of nature. So, whenever such situation has occurred it has to be opposed because if the law is transgressed it causes harm to other people. Being rich or having an exceeding power is never a reason or an excuse â€Å"for rapine and oppression†.It doesn't matter if this man has a high or low rank, but for the king exceeding the authority is more shameful than for the constable because more trust is given to him. A king is also ell better educated and more acknowledged about right and wrong things to do which additionally obligates him. People willfully â€Å"choose and authorize a legislative† to create laws that will guarantee preservation of properties for each member in the community.People will never choose a legislative that makes laws being able to demolish things that everyone is trying to protect. When a legislative being ambitious or corrupted makes an attempt to go against â€Å"fundamental rule of the society† trying to enslave people, breaking t he trust at that moment his authority is ended. A new government which is ble to work for the protection of society should be chosen in case the old one bitrates the trust of people. Jefferson's text of the Declaration of Independence is mainly based on the ideas developed by Locke.Jefferson's â€Å"truth to be self evident† is basically the determination ot state ot nature in the work ot Locke. â€Å"All men are created equal† having certain rights, such as â€Å"life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness†. Governments â€Å"are instituted among men† to protect these fundamental rights. In case the governor rules destructively over the people under his power he deserved nd should be thrown off his position and â€Å"new guards for future security† should be found.Jefferson writes the main part of Declaration describing that ruling of a present king of Great Britain is a history of â€Å"repeated injuries and usurpations†. â€Å"A prince w hose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant is unfit to be the ruler of a free people†, he says. At this point a direct referral to the Locke's idea of perfect freedom is made. Using Locke's fundamental ideas in Declaration of Independence Jefferson Justifies separation of United States from England.

Impact Of Offshore Exploration And Exploitation Environmental Sciences Essay

Literally called stone oil, Petroleum is a Grecian word for petra significance stone and oleum significance oil. The Concise Oxford English Dictionary defines it as of course happening flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of different molecular weights and other liquid organic compounds, which are found in geologic formations beneath the Earth ‘s surface. This formation beneath the Earth frequently takes topographic point over a long period of clip, say eons. It originates from the remains of antediluvian workss and animate beings ( zooplanktons and algae ) that were buried and compressed beneath 1000s of pess of claies, stones and littorals. Through the interaction of certain geologic conditions, these organic stuffs are so transformed by subsurface heat and overburden force per unit area into hydrocarbon compounds we is called crude oil ( rough oil and natural gas ) . For many centuries, crude oil resources and its byproducts have been discovered and used for assorted human activities. In the modern epoch, these resources are sought and exploited from locations that are more hard and risky to entree, including the offshore. Resources deposited in the offshore countries are no different from those found onshore as they contain the same sort of hydrocarbon substances. For illustration, a signifier of natural gas called gas hydrate is available both offshore and onshore but seaward resources are of greater involvement because of their volume and potency for future large-scale development. The ground for this increased and outstanding involvement in offshore crude oil geographic expedition and development in this present century is that many onshore crude oil resources have either been exhausted, are no longer economically executable, or are unable to be to the full developed due to limitations of national ownership or geopolitical jobs. This notwithstanding, the value of energy-rich crude oil in all of its signifiers lies in the many merchandises that can be made from it and the importance of their utilizations. Crude oil, natural gas and other hydrocarbon compounds are the bases of the fuel merchandises that are indispensable for modern manners of transit, which are preponderantly fuelled by motor gasolene, jet fuel, and Diesel fuel. Petroleum besides provides fuels for warming, industrial fabrication procedures, and the coevals of electricity. Petroleum resources can besides be converted into petrochemicals and its derived functions such as plastics, pharmaceutical ingredients and edifice stuffs, which represent other parts of the petroleum-source market. Economically, demand and supply factors drive the investings and operations that the crude oil industry makes in researching and working crude oil resources. With high crude oil monetary values in the market, the industry can afford to bring forth resources that might otherwise be uneconomic and can put in new engineerings to make resources that would otherwise be unavailable. When crude oil monetary values in the market are low, even proved militias may non be produced because the cost of development and production would non let any net income for operators. Since crude oil resources define modern trade forms, excite both international selling and the possible for war, the force per unit area to spread out resource development to the offshore countries is inevitable as this will relieve the jobs of increased planetary demand for crude oil and its byproducts, reduced supplies onshore and buffer the current lifting addition in merchandises monetary values.POTENTIAL IMPACTSFor decennaries, our oceans were protected from offshore oil boring but with the increased demand for crude oil resources globally and depletion of same onshore, attending has shifted to the offshore environment. In 2008 for case, former American president Bush, lifted a White House moratorium on offshore boring and the Congress subsequently followed by leting a Federal prohibition on boring to run out. In March 2010, the Obama disposal indicated that they would besides potentially allow boring along several once protected coastlines, mid- and south Atlantic seashore and in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. Barely had that been agreed upon, the black deepwater skyline oil boring runaway in April of 2010 came. This released about 200 million gallons of oil into the Gulf of Mexico ; fouled beaches and coastal wetlands from Louisiana to Florida ; killed birds, fishes and marine mammals ; and devastated the diversion and fishing-based economic systems of the Gulf provinces ( Ref ) . Fortunately, these hideous developments caused the Obama disposal to revoke on its earlier class and on December 1, 2012 it was announced that the East and West seashores every bit good as the eastern Gulf be continuously protected from offshore boring. Despite this recent event in the Gulf of Mexico, the oil industry and others affiliated to the industry are still clamoring for the continuance of seaward oil boring. This enlargement of development offshore, will non be without the attendant effects that the resource geographic expedition and development will hold on the Marine environment, the life signifiers that live therein and the worlds at big.BackgroundThis subheading will be a elaborate penetration into the seaward oilfield platform where the research will be carried out. It will state the twelvemonth of the oilfield ‘s find, the block or blocks where the resource is found, the existent location of the oilfield in kilometers north, E, West or South in relation to other environing oilfields and/or countries ; and the H2O deepness ( TVDSS ) at which the resource is located. Other parametric quantities will include the oilfield ‘s geologic age ( Mesozoic, Middle Jurassic or Cenozoic etc ) , the reservoir type ( sandstone or shale ) , the estimated militias ( STOIIP in MMstb unit ) and recoverable sums of militias. It will depict the seismal activity that led to the formation of t he field, the extent to which the field has been developed, grade of complexness of geological fault and its attendant construction. The quality of the reservoir, the formations with the most productive intervals or dramas, its temperature, force per unit area ( and likely force per unit area at which depletion is expected ) . The belongingss of the reserve- API gravitation in ( 0 ) , GOR in ( scf/bbl ) will besides be provided. With the increased force per unit area to beginning for options to onshore oil resources offshore, the appraisal of the inauspicious impacts of the quest for crude oil and it derivatives to run into planetary demand raises a batch of concerns such as: Environmental sensitiveness and hazards to marine ecosystems Lack of scientific discipline on marine ecosystem as this is a field with really limited certification sing geographic expedition Built-in hazard of deepwater boring Inadequate resources for regulative inadvertence Unproved oil spill response There are serious environmental impact associated with each phase of seaward boring from geographic expedition ( location and find ) to development ( boring and production ) and marine transit. While some impacts may be unseeable to the bare eyes, there are a myriad of impacts and environmental branchings that the public must cognize about before sing offshore boring. ; and eventually the ultimate effects it will hold on the opportunities of working other marine resources that will hold small or no negative effects on the environment, the marine beings and worlds.AIMS AND OBJECTIVESBy analysis of H2O samples utilizing — — — — – setup, observation of marine life signifiers and deposits analysis for oozes of hydrocarbons in them utilizing — — — — — – equipment, this survey will: 1. Outline possible impacts of offshore crude oil geographic expedition and development 2. Chase away the legion myths that have been put forth by oil boring advocates. 3. Suggests options that will accomplish energy independency from fossil fuel 4. Analyze the effects of seaward oil boring on the opportunities of working other marine resources that will hold small or no negative effects on the Marine environment, marine beings and worlds.ActivitiesTo ease this survey and accomplish the set aims, the undermentioned activities will be carried out: Available literature on the effects of seaward oil boring will be extensively reviewed. This will organize a footing for this research Qualitative modeling to measure the direct impact of each phase of oil boring on the marine ecosystem and coastal countries Exploration of possible options to fossil fuels with really small or no hurtful effects on the environment.MethodThe information ( where available ) , samples of H2O and may be life signifiers that will be observed during this survey will be sourced from — — — — — — offshore platforms located at — — — — — — — . Besides, peoples ‘ single sentiments will be sought to find the extent to which offshore geographic expedition affects them. If decently done, this rating will be a valuable tool for avoiding possible environmental and aquatic jeopardies occasioned by ceaseless development offshore. These methods may alter depending on when this surveies will get down and the development of more powerful tools and techniques that will be more efficient, give truth and lucidity of consequences ; and besides be cost effectual.EXPECTED OUTPUTSThe universe ‘s oceans and beaches are critical recreational, economic and ecological hoarded wealths that will be polluted by an addition in offshore crude oil boring. Alternatively of recommending for transient and environmentally less harmful ways to run into the planetary demand for oil, we should seek a comprehensive and environmentally sustainable energy program that will include energy preservation and may be fuel efficiency if we must utilize fossil fuel. After the purposes and objectives that this survey sets out to accomplish has been attained, it is expected that the consequences obtained and observations made will: 1. Deter crude oil industry ‘s participants and their affiliates from offshore development. 2. Cause us to look towards developing sustainable energy solutions that includes renewable beginnings and preservation that will protect our natural resources, instead than boring for fossil fuels off our oceans. 3. Cause us to ablactate ourselves off the over-dependence on oil to salvage our environment and cut down the worsening consequence of clime alteration. 4. Save and protect our coastlines from industrialisation. 5. Chase away the assorted myths that advocates of seaward development are invariably seeking to jostle down our pharynxs. 6. Promote a rush in the figure of ocean protection protagonists.RestrictionSince the informations to be used for this work were non generated personally, some degrees of uncertainness as to the truth of the work exist. Problemn, may originate during sample Problems with package use may originate if tutorial is non given.Duration OF PROJECTAll things being equal, research undertaking continuance is expected to cross a period of three old ages, between the beginning of the work and entry of bound study. A Gantt chart, ( an illustration is shown below ) will be used to demo a dislocation of what and when an activity will be carried out. An activity, whenever completed will be struck off to give lucidity to works yet to be done.UndertakingDurationApr.MayJun.Jul.Aug.Sept.Oct.NovResearch Definition/Proposal Submission 5 hebdomadsAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAInterim presentation/proposal defense mechanism 1 twenty-four hoursAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAALiterature research and background surveies 4 hebdomadsAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAPetrel G & A ; G tutorial 1 hebdomadAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAModelling/ analyses utilizing package 3 hebdomadsAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQuantitative modelling/ design surveies 2 hebdomadsAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACompilation/ presentation of patterning consequences to supervisor 1 hebdomadsAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAWrite-up 3 hebdomadsAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAASubmission of bill of exchange for cogent evidence reading/supervisor ‘s sign-off 2 yearssAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAlteration of study 2 hebdomadsAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAApproval/submission of concluding study 3 yearssAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAPresentation and oral session 1 hebdomadAAAAAAAATable 1: Example of a typical Gnatt ChartSummaryOffshore oil boring and oil spills have the possible to critically impact pristine Marine ecosystems. While there are legion environmental jobs associated with oil boring, there are besides negative economic impacts that we merely can non afford during difficult economic times. It is imperative that we switch off from an old mentality of trusting on fossil fuels. Climate alteration and other environmental jobs are non waiting for us to reconstruct our energy portfolio. Oil boring and continued usage of fossil fuels will merely worsen clime alteration, and maintain us trapped in a backward frame of head which overlooks sustainable energy and preservation. New offshore boring is non portion of the reply to sustainable energy instead the replies for sustainable energy is already gazing us right in the face. At the completion of this survey, recommendations will be suggested that will restrict or wholly extinguish the impacts of offshore geographic expedition and development.

Case Study Drivers of Industry Financial Structure

Based on KR+H’s past financial performance and the cost of investment, KR+H would need additional financing to fund the proposed capital investment. The internal financing could be very difficult for KR+H based on it had a deficit in 1992. And internal financing may also slow down the investments because KR+H has to retain its profit. Also rising the price is not a very good option in a long-term perspective. Because it could retard their growth and therefore did not represent a viable path to a long-term profitability. So we suggest that KR+H should finance the proposed capital by relying on external financing from a bank or an outside investor. Context KR+H is a manufactory company that designs,fabricates and installs high quality, uniquely designed cabinetry. Now it had devised a unique operating strategy of producing high quality custom cabinets at a low cost. KR+H believes that the use of computer-controlled equipment allowed the firm to significantly reduce their labor cost and other production cost while increasing the efficiency of the manufacturing process. In order to support the development if their innovative operating system, KR+H need to clearly define the scope and speed of growth for their business. However, the partners do not have internal funds to finance the investment and their access to external capital markets is limited. Therefore KR+H needs a better operating and financial strategy to managing rapidly growth and its capital. I think the article â€Å"Seize advantage in a downturn† is very helpful. Many companies fail to see the opportunities hidden in economic downturns. In order to take advantage of opportunities, KR+H first need to do a thorough but rapid assessment of its own vulnerabilities and then move decisively to minimize them. David and Daniel, 2009) KR+H could approach their problem by using some of those steps introduced in this article such as Monitor and maximize its cash position 1. Evaluating the capital position: In the cash flow statement Exhibit 6, the net decrease in cash by $15,298 in 1991 and $46,955 in 1992. In order to meet cash requirement during 1992,KR+H gets a personal loan about $35,000 and the bank overdraft to cover its deficit abou t $14,000,which shows us that KR+H are short of cash during the past years and it gets worse. The total enhancement of the new investment will be: Category |Cost | |Require in Capital |$300,000 | | |$100,000(developing in 2 years) | |Software | | | |$25,000 – $30,000 (maintain update per year) | |Marketing |$40,000 | Based on KR+H’s past financial performance and the cost of investment, KR+H would need additional financing to fund the proposed capital investment for sure. 2. Adding investment is valuable and profitable: I think the proposed projects are profitable investments and it will add values. Because the investments will reduce costs and increase the working efficiency in manufacturing process: |Category |Number | |Increase production capacity |50% | |Labor cost saving per year |$170,000 | Another fact is that on a pro forma basis, KR+H’s cost of goods sold in 1990, the year before merged is approximately 60% of sales. In 1991,the percentage is increased to 67% and in 1992 the year after the merger the percentage rose to almost 75%. It shows us that some unanticipated cost increasing rapidly while the revenue is rising. If KR+H could adopting the new investment it would make its production more efficiently and the technique may also save some cost of goods. In addition, the cabinet industry experienced a decline in efficiency in 1992. Firm size |Sales per work |Compare to 1991 | |Large |$120,000 |gain 9% | |Medium |$84,000 |decline 11% | |Small |$80,000 |off 2% | | KR+H could gain a long-term rapid growth in sales by first adopting the new technique and the improvements in production efficiencies will give KR+H more advantages in sales. There is no doubt that the investment will increase the operating leverage and also increase risk. In Exhibit 9, with investments KR+H will yearly saving $207,900. Therefore, adding the investment is very profitable. And also rising the price is not a very good option in a long-term perspective. Because it could retard their growth and therefore did not represent a viable path to a long-term profitability. I think KR+H finance the proposed capital by relying on external financing. Because the internal financing could be very difficult for KR+H based on it had a deficit that was covered with a personal loan to company about $35,000 by a partner and a bank overdraft $14,000 in 1992. And internal financing may also slow down the investments because KR+H has to retain its profit. The investors wouldn’t want a low return just because the firm wants to invest. Thus, external funding will be a better choice. Ratios In 1992 and 1993, exhibit 4 Year |Return on Sales |Return on Equity | |1992 |2. 1% |21% | |1993 |8. 3% |98% | | Besides this, KR+H also is profitable in 1992 and assume that it will have 10% growth rate. Meanwhile, with the investments could save KR+H about $209,900 each year. Those profitable data in its financial performance will help KR+H to get a loan from a bank or other outside investors. Conclusion: KR+H has its new investments developed and they focus on reduction by continuing to increase the level of automation in the process. And this investment is valuable and profitable. Based on KR+H had performed not very well in their cash flow in the past 3 years. The company also troubled with limited access to the capital market. Therefore, it is necessary for KR+H to get external financing in order to maintain its revenue and get a rapid growth. References: Robert C. Higgins(2012), Analysis for financial management David Rhodes and Daniel Stelter(2009), Seize advantage in a downturn

Evidence-based Practice for the Prevention of Ventilator -Associated Essay

Evidence-based Practice for the Prevention of Ventilator -Associated Pneumonia using Ventilator Bundle in Long Term Care - Essay Example The overall goal of this paper is to describe how is to prevent ventilator associated-pneumonia using ventilator bundle in the long term care. The focus area is the ventilator unit of Four Seasons Nursing Home and Rehabilitation Center that comprises 35 beds. The center has its location at Rockaway Parkway, Brooklyn, New York. This involves a premiere facility that offers unparalleled medical care to the residents. They offer a wide range of services, i.e. short-term rehabilitation, long-term care, adult day health care, and the post hospital treatment, in which case they provide for an original blend of professional and exceptionally skilled nursing care that they deliver with compassion and devotion. They serve the needs and lifestyles of the community. Project Objectives At the end of my practicum project, I will be able to: 1. Determine what practices are used by long term care to prevent ventilator –associated pneumonia (VAP) 2. Develop a learning module for nurses on ventilator bundle for the prevention of ventilator –associated pneumonia (VAP). 3. Review and update the existing ventilator bundle protocol for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia in long term care. 4. Develop a sustainable prevention program for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in long term care.... The prevalence shows 22.8% for these kinds of clients. The danger to acquiring the actual pneumonia is found to go higher by10 fold in those who are under mechanical ventilation. Morbidity and mortality, hospital length of stay, and costs have all been attributed to VAP (Augustyn, 2007). The early onset VAP is in the first 3-4 days during mechanical ventilation while the late onset occurs for a period more than that. Early onset VAP is commonly caused by antibiotic-sensitive community acquired organisms like streptococcus pneumonia, haemophilus influenza, and styphylococcus aureus. Late onset of VAP is commonly caused by antibiotic resistant nosocomnial organisms like pseudomonas aeruginosa, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, acinebacter species, and enterobacter types. (Collard, et al.). This type of nonsocomial pneumonia, VAP, is a condition that requires a sensitive approach to the safety of critically ill clients. The American Association of Critical Care Nurses (AACN) has designed some measures critical to handling these conditions. They are designed according to specific formats of best practices for those getting mechanical ventilation. These steps are considered feasible, safe, and cost effective for preventing VAP which include; 1.) Elevation of the head of the bed (HOB) to 30 to 45 degrees unless medically contraindicated. 2.) Continuous removal of subglottic secretions. 3.) Change of ventilator circuit no more often than every 48 hours 4.) Washing of hands before and after contact with each patient. 5.) Consistent oral care. 6.) DVT and stress prophylaxis (De los Reyes, et al. 2007). Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in a seriously ill patient considerably increases the risk of

Can ICT Enhance Education In The 21st Century Essay

Can ICT Enhance Education In The 21st Century - Essay Example However, little information is known about the value of the information technology in schools in the developing nations. This article looks at how ICT has influenced the level and standards of education in the 21st century, using the ICT theory and tools and the using of the relevance theory to explain how it applies to education. In the recent past, the teachers have learnt the importance of embracing ICT in their teaching programs, which have given them the relevant knowledge and made work easier for themselves as well as the students. Ager found out that there are diverse ICT tools used by different teachers in different countries, which causes a variation in the level of students understanding. The use of ICT tools in teaching and learning in the 21st century can enhance the level of education as well as the quality of education among the students, and the teachers (Ager, 1998, p.8). Using ICT will mastermind the changes in the teacher’s knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes. This is because using ICT in the education reform will bring into effect the importance of the teachers changing their attitudes in the order of teaching to create long-term sustainable change. One main hindrance to the effective implementation of this course is that the projects normally fall short of their expectations since the educationalists carry on work within the old-style vision of rote learning (Ager, 2000, p.7). In order to oversee effective implementation of the ICT tools in education, the teachers ought to realize this modern methodology of teaching is effective and should make a modification for their students. In addition, the teachers ought to have understanding and commitment, which should be particularly important in order to sustain changes in these areas, for instance project based learning systems, and the student center teaching techniques. However, the implementation of this methodology needs some primary changes for instance as a teacher instructional practic e (Blamires, 1999). Additionally, ICT can enhance changes in education in the way students engage their contents. According to (Cook, & Finlayson, 1999, p.7) the use of ICT in education can enhance changes especially in the areas, which engages research, such as the research projects. This is because research in learning science topics has proven that constructivist models of learning offer a supplementary reliable indulgence of how humans learn than previous behaviors. Besides, the different researches conducted have identified that the use of ICT technology encourages students to participate in-group activities such as teamwork or students make products, which symbolize what they are learning. Therefore, use of ICT technology can help improve the way the students interact and obtain their learning contents. Moreover, using ICT tools in education has created changes in relationships among the students, the teachers, and the parents. This has been achieved using a supportive and col laborative effort between the students and the teachers, which supports learning. The introduction of technology in learning also has enhanced the changes in the roles played by the students and the teachers. The various challenges brought about by the use of ICT in education have also enhanced the need for more involvement by the teachers and the students so that they can learn and master its use. Some various factors such as the teacher’s knowledge, time, and the tools, which are to be used, are an important factor to be considered. More importantly, the use of ICT technology has to be in line with the pedagogical goals (Forester, & Morrison, 1992, p.8), which are set forth by the education fraternity. ICT tools such as the internet has helped the students gain a self-governing

System Analysis and Design 251 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

System Analysis and Design 251 - Essay Example The company requires information management systems, which can flexibly undergo dynamic development to add competitive advantages to businesses. This report project is based on the hypothesis that information technology has the capacity to improve the level of productivity and profits of business enterprises2. The proposed system is expected to conduct comprehensive data processing including order processing, billing, purchases, insurance payments, customer support tasks and processing of payments. The justification of the need for this system is that SC is an extremely busy pharmacy and has many customers, whom it cannot serve adequately without the use of an integrated Information Management System. Purpose of the report The main purpose of this report is to verify the preliminary findings of the manager, and to present the expected resultant benefits that the information management system should bring to SC. It has to present a reliable framework explaining mechanisms through whic h the integrated information management system will assist the process of preparation of prescriptions for various medicines3. Part of its fundamental details will be on how to receive orders from pharmacies and care providers or nursing homes in more advanced methods. The report provides details of operation of automated inventory management modules for medicine stock management4. The report must convince the administration of SC that the system is simpler to use than Excel spreadsheets and MS Access. Finally, the report has details explaining business continuity plan based on how the system will always change to meet its contemporary needs. Structure of the report The report has a major title ‘Integrated Inventory Information Management System’. Under this topic, there are various subtopics addressing the areas of need for this system. The subtopics are as follows: Order Processing Purchase Billing and payment processing Customer service and support The next part of t he report is about the benefits of the system to the operations of businesses in SC. The benefits are presented in summary form as follows: Quick and reliable order processing More reliable billing processes Quick data access and real time processing Advanced System Integration The final section of the report contains the recommendations for further improvements of the system for better functionality in the future. This is one of the most essential needs, which SC administration expects as an outcome of the integrated system. 2. Preliminary findings The report presents the preliminary findings in the following event table: Event Trigger Source Use-Case Response Destination Maintains the records of who pays for the drugs Changes to Data information in regards Care provider Maintain Data information of who pays - - Immediately records information that comes in Newly received orders Client Records the new information - - Organization needs to capture and maintain prescription data New orders coming in Client Records information for prescription - - Produce Case manifests Start of the day - Produce case manifest Case manifest Pharmacist assistant Monthly order reports Monthly Pharmacist Produce order report Report produced Management nursing Home Maintain Drug Information Changes to drug Information Supplier Maintain Drug information - - Points Label for each residents Requests to point labels Pharmacist assist

Discussion 3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Discussion 3 - Assignment Example There is an emphasis for interdisciplinary collaboration in healthcare provision and clarity of how concepts relate to nursing help DNP nurses to interact, meaningfully, in teams (Fitzpatrick & Kazer, 2009). Preventive care is a concept under the clinical problem of hypertension among African Americans. Base on population differences, preventive care denotes the measures that different populations such as African Americans and Hispanics do in order to stay free from diseases. In regards to cultural differences, preventive care means the things that different cultures prescribe for their adherents to prevent illnesses. In sociology, preventive care refers to upholding lifestyles that promote health such as eating a healthy diet and consulting with physicians (Wilson & Cooley, 2006). The social context definition of preventive care is the maintenance of behaviors that are supportive of good health. OT professional may define preventive care as the measures that help one prevent getting difficulty engaging in their everyday activities. On the other hand, a nurse may define preventive care as the care that incorporates public health services and other programs aimed at promoting good health in the general population (Neinstein,

Analysis of a Marketing News Story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis of a Marketing News Story - Essay Example Although this particular news report talks about the business tactic of Google, it also brings up new idea with regards to the future developments in online marketing options. Advertisements are referring to a â€Å"paid-message in a form of media† with the purpose of attracting the attention of the target consumers (Faber, Lee and Nan, 2004). Aiming to reach for the target audience, the traditional advertisers utilizes newspapers, magazines, radio, television, mail, telephone, billboards, posters, fliers, CDs, and audiotapes as a communication channels (Kotler, 2000, p. 15). On the other hand, the use of on-line advertisements such as the use on-line banners (usually appears at the top end of a web page), e-mail, search engine advertisements such as Google.com or Yahoo.com, the interactive on-page media ads, streaming audio and video among others has been widely used to catch the attention of online viewers. In fact, the use of online advertisement tools is considered as on o f the fastest growing medium for modern advertisements (Faber, 2002). According to Kotler (2003, p. 4), the main reason why large-scale companies are advertising their products is to â€Å"inform, persuade, remind, or reinforce† the public consumers’ purchasing behaviour. ... 7, 12). Based on consumers’ response with regards to the use of online and traditional advertisements, Gallagher, Foster, and Parsons (2001) revealed that the use of a traditional print ads and advertiesements in Web format does not necessarily provide any significant difference with regards to the viewers’ ability to recall the advertised message. After exploring the impact of pop-up windows and animation on the memory of 60 online advertisement viewers, Diao and Sundar (2007) revealed that the viewers ability to recall the pop-up advertisements is higher as compared to the use of banner advertisements. Not all advertisements are effective in terms of sending the company’s message accross their target customers. For this reason, a lot of researchers have focused their studies on examining the effectiveness of online advertisements (Callaway, 2010; Chtourou and Abida, 2010; Shukla, Sharma and Swami, 2010; Diao and Sundar, 2007). After conducting a researh study w ith regards to the effectiveness of online advertisements, Shukla, Sharma and Swami (2010) explained that the ability of the online advertisers to make the online viewers satisfied with what they see and read about the advertised products and services increases the public viewers’ intention to make online purchases. Therefore, online advertising companies are looking for new ways to improve their existing online advertising services through product and technology innovation. Recently, Sparkes (2012) mentioned that roughly 16,000 businesses are already using the social media as part of their marketing campaign. In line with this, Chtourou and Abida (2010) revealed that the continuously increasing number of existing

Violance and the World by Robert Cover and Reflections on the Essay

Violance and the World by Robert Cover and Reflections on the Guillotine by Albert Cumus - Essay Example According to Cover (p. 1601), for instance, when a judge interprets the law and hands out a sentence, as legally appropriate to the crime as it may be, the sheer act of imposition of violence on another person is in itself an act of death and pain. This is quite similar to the actions committed during the course of the crime. This means that the interpretation of legal statutes occurs under conditions of death and pain. For instance, as a result of the imposition of a term of sentence, a convict losses his freedom, property, or life in extreme cases, while his family losses a father, brother, son or husband. Cumus is especially expressive about the aspect of sentencing convicts to the death penalty. According to the Cumus (p. 23), murder carried out by the state or under state supervision is tantamount to premeditated murder carried out by criminals on innocent persons. Cover speaks on this topic, citing that the interpretations of law allow for justification of violence and murder o f persons found guilty of crimes, which, as Cumus put it, is equal to premeditated murder. While Cover explains that he is not sympathetic towards criminals and convicts for the crimes they committed, he asserts that the interpretation in the law itself creates victims who are innocent of the crime for which they are suffering (Cover, p. 1602). The victims in most instances are family members who were oblivious of the occurrence of the crime. The organized social practices of interpretations in law tear families up and perpetrate the same violence for which they are meant to punish. The irony of this situation is compounded by the statistics, proving that capital punishment does not necessarily reduce the occurrence of crime. According to Cumus, a more logical approach for remedying criminal behavior is through reforms and rehabilitation, rather than violence, pain, and death. Because the nature of law is to uphold the humane conduct of all persons in society, it is ironic that law also contravenes the same humane essence it preaches. Cumus tells of instances when the guillotine is not instant, hence prolonging the suffering of both its victim and that of family members and other witnesses. The sheer brutality of the guillotine is also implicit of the law’s violent nature (Cumus, p. 19) Both writers argue for the discontinuation of capital punishment. Cumus is primarily concerned about the guillotine, which he asserts is neither humane nor instant, as it is purported to be. Cover, on the other hand, speaks of the need to adopt more effective systems of reforms, rather than the conventional violence-riddled sentencing and confinement of convicts in solitary places (Cover, p. 1606). Legal interpretation, according to Cover, should adopt a culture that is similar to a number of communities, which use shame and contrition as a means of punishing offenders. In such instances, the offenders’ shame for their actions is stronger than any degree of violen ce meted on them in terms of behavioral correction. Cumus argues that the guillotine’s effectiveness has been eroded with time. In earlier times when the guillotine was used in public, it was relatively effective in deterring crime. However, because it is currently used privately in prisons, its effectiveness is muffled. This means that there is, in fact, no need to use the guillotine any more in the current day and age. Nonetheless, Cumus is somewhat supportive of the conduct of executions

Central business district investigation Essay Example for Free

Central business district investigation Essay Introduction: The inner city is the zone between the central business district (CBD) and the suburban housing areas. In British cities the inner city grew during the industrial revolution. Factories were built on the edge of the historic towns, now the CBD. Many people view inner city areas as rather dull and depressing as they tend to be overcrowded and polluted. Unfortunately even though the problems of inner city areas are apparent the local councils and business and invested a greater proportion of money in CBD rather then inner cities, which has lead to an escalating problems. The Diagram illustrates the burgess conurbation model, which highlights the various areas of a conurbation settlement: The burgess model of urban land consists of five concentric circles arranged around a CBD inner core. All conurbation models initiates with the central business district (CBD), which forms the heart of a settlement. Large businesses exist here since they are the only ones able to afford the high land values and rents. The inner city is the 2nd zone in the burgess model. This zone represents old industry established at the birth of the city. The third zone is known as the Low-class residential which is located in the inner city close to the old industries. This was because the poor who worked in these industries had to be local. The medium class residential represents the penultimate zone. This is more expensive housing catering for the moderately wealthy populace. The final zone is the high class residential located in the rural urban fringe. This is the most affluent area and caters for the wealthiest element in the population. According to this model, cities grow outwards from the original site; therefore properties are younger on the outskirts of the city. The Burgess Urban Land Use Model In 1925, E. W. Burgess presented an urban land use model, which divided cities in a set of concentric circles expanding from the downtown to the suburbs. This representation was built from Burgesss observations of a number of American cities, notably Chicago. The main characteristic of the inner city was for the industries to build factories to maximise production. The land was cheap and there was room for expansion for the industries. Houses were constructed local to the factories so that workers would not need.

Customer Loyalty Schemes in Automotive Sector

Customer Loyalty Schemes in Automotive Sector The creation of customer loyalty in the automotive sector Marketers push for brand loyalty, across all product ranges, from toothpaste to larger purchases such as a new car. Within the automobile industry there is little product differences in each segment, as partnerships, coalitions and takeovers bind manufacturers together. Each manufacturer is striving to obtain brand loyalty, not only at the point of purchase, through servicing the vehicle, supply parts and encouraging repurchases. This adds value to the organisation, and increases profits. Loyalty schemes have been a success in supermarkets and other retail outlets, can this form of marketing be transferred to the automotive industry. This paper sets out to review the current literature of the subject, discuss what loyalty schemes the automotive industry offers its customers, and to focus on one Manufacturer Volvo. Volvo have in the last decade turned around flagging sales, this was achieved through placing a higher value on their customers, who responded by increased usage of their service departments. 3.0 Introduction The ultimate obtainment for marketers would be for complete brand loyalty, across all product ranges, from toothpaste to larger purchases such as a new car. Although without any brand loyalty, organisations could not survive. So is it possible to increase brand loyalty through schemes that target the consumer? One of the hardest areas to increase brand loyalty is the automotive industry. Manufacturers are constantly offering discounts, free insurance, sales and other packages to attract new customers and to resell to existing consumers. Consumers expect a good service and deal as it will be their second largest purchase (a house being the first). The result of partnerships, coalitions and takeovers in the automobile industry has bonded manufacturers together. This has left very little product differentiation, with more marketing on the brand than product. Manufacturers have to look for different methods to attract customers. Each manufacturer is motivated to obtain brand loyalty, not only at the point of purchase, through servicing the vehicle, supply parts and encouraging repurchases. This adds value to the organisation, and increases profits. The added value can be the emotional tie the customer has with the brand. Customer loyalty is not a new notion, although it is now the focus of many PR actioners, retaining existing customers is more important than attracted new. If you lose your core customers a higher level of resources is required to maintain the same level of sales. Therefore it’s vital to maintain loyal customers to utilise economies of scales. Loyalty schemes have been a success in supermarkets and other retail outlets. Some schemes involve several brands collaborating to give the consumer a choice of where to spend. The question is can this form of marketing be transferred to the automotive industry. This paper sets out to review the current literature of the subject, discuss in general what loyalty schemes the automotive industry offers its customers, and to focus then on one Manufacturer Volvo. Volvo was chosen for this research as an example of using customer loyalty as a change agent to turn the organisation around. Brand loyalty is very strong with Volvo, although this did not correlate with the dealerships. Volvo has introduced methods to increase loyalty with their dealerships. They have taken loyalty a step further and strengthen all supply chains Volvo traditionally had a strong brand recognition, but went sales went into decline the organisation had to re-focus on core values. The methods that Volvo used to build the brand and to increase customer loyalty will be discussed, comparing them to the literature. We are loyal to brands; our degree differs as to how we value the closeness of the product. Can this be influence by strong marketing tactics? With such a large purchase as a vehicle can the manufacturers sway our opinion, or do we remain loyal to what we know and trust? 4.0 Methodology This chapter discusses the research methods used for the project and the justification for the choice of methods. It discusses methods that were not used, with justification of why they were not included. Included is a critique of methods selected, and with hindsight identifies any changes that would have enhanced the research. This paper evaluates brand loyalty within the automobile industry. Selection of the topic was stimulated and formed out of all manufacturers offering loyalty schemes; therefore could they individual schemes succeed. The nature of the research was discussed with colleagues and fellow students this not only added practical ideas and suggestions, it opened new avenues of thought. This was the discussed with lecturers sounding out ideas, gauging opinions and clarifying the question. Focusing in on the question was obtained by employing relevance trees, narrowing the research area. This gave direction tithe research, although with reviewing the literature this changed several times (Buzan, J. 1995). Next, a research proposal was compiled, with the benefit of organising ideas and setting a time-scale for research. Theoretically, the proposal would highlight any difficulties with the research question and access to data. Creating a time-scale would focus on targets and meet deadlines in the completion of the paper. The literature review, discussing theories and ideas that exist on the topic formed the foundation of the paper. The findings from the research are then tested on theories for validity (Saunders, M. et al1997). The literature review was challenging, there is very little academic research specifically on the topic area, although is a lot of research in the wider markets for example Supermarket loyalty schemes. Journals and books were the back bone for the review, together with internet sites. Tertiary data sources, such as library catalogues and indexes were used to scan for secondary data. This produced journals and newspaper articles, books and Internet addresses. With the amount of literature, it took time to sort out relevant material to the research. Narrowing down the search Bell’s (1993) six point’s parameters was applied. Applying key words that were identified in the first search produced relevant and up-to-date material (Bell, J.1993). A limitation on the literature search was the amount of time to read all articles and books on the subject. Whilst reviewing the literature references to other publications were followed and reviewed. Bells checklist on identifying the relevance of literature found was a practical method to reduce the amount of reading (Bell, J. 1993). Ethical considerations in research fall into three categories, during design, collection, and reporting of the data. These areas were carefully considered at all stages of the research (Oppenheim,A.1996:84). The data sought throughout the research should remain within the scope of the project (Saunders, M. et al 1997). Case studies of organisations that through varying factors have use customer loyalty schemes to improve market share have been reviewed and compared to the literature. The case studies discuss the organisations strategy in the use of the data they have collected. This information was gathered from secondary data and their web sites. To produce primary data on brand loyalty within the automobile industry proved to be a vast task, taking a lot of time to produce results. Internal and external operations of several organisations would have tube compared to reach any level of validity. Instead it was decide to review previously published case studies, interviews and surveys. This was then compared to the literature review. Other methods of data collection were considered and rejected. Focus groups would have offered free flowing information. This could have been facilitated with discussion led by the researcher. The idea was rejected due to the limited resources. The major limitation of the study lies in its relatively small sample size and the limited coverage. This was mainly attributable to the limited time and other resources available for the study. 5.0 Literature review This chapter will review and discuss all the relevant published material on brand loyalty. This starts of wide to gain insight into brands and the theory that has driven brand loyalty. 5.1 Brands Kotler (2000) described a brand as a â€Å"name, term, symbol, or design (oar combination of them) which is intended to signify the goods or services of the seller or groups of sellers and to differentiate them from those of the competitors† (Kotler (2000) cited in Groucutt, J etal 2004:275). The brand is part of the products tangible features, it’s the verbal and physical clues that help the consumer identify what they want and to influence choice (Groucutt, J et al 2004). The actual word â€Å"brand† is derived from a Norse word which means to â€Å"burn†. It is assumed that this means to imprint ideas or symbols on product. This then gives the product identification and leaves lasting mark on the consumer (Groucutt, J et al 2004). Because product features are easily imitated brands have been considered a marketers major tool for creating product differentiation. Even when differentiation based on product characteristics is possible, often consumers do not feel motivated oracle to analyse them in adequate depth. Therefore the combination of brand name and brand significance has become a core competitive asset in an ever-growing number of contexts. Brands incite beliefs, evoke emotions and prompt behaviours (Aaker, D. (1991) cited in Kotler, Pand Gertner, D. 2002:249). The brand in the automobile industry is of great importance, purchasing vehicle is a status indicator for the consumer. Manufactures brand their vehicles to attract the target audience; the next step is retaining the customer to the brand. This is not just for repurchase, there is great value in retaining the customer to the brand through out the life of their purchase (Kottler, P et al . 2005). 5.0 Global Brands There are very few car manufactures products that are not a global brand. Their appeal can span in a multitude of markets. Each manufactures portfolio is designed to attract a wide audience. The rapid development of telecommunication and strong consuming capability of youth have created common demands, tastes and values globally in last two or three decades, which thus has driven international marketers to increasingly focus on the importance of global brands. In recent years, global branding has not only taken root, its in full bloom. As Peter Doyle (1998:165) said: Brands area the heart of marketing and business strategy The purpose of marketing is to create a preference for the companys brand. The trend towards global branding, moreover, is accelerating rapidly. Successful global brands are powerful to obtain a number of benefits. Consumers are willing to pay a premium price for global brands; they imply credibility, high quality and up-to-date global trend. To the consumers, brand choice somewhat reflects a certain lifestyle, taste, image or even social status beyond the product. If they feel the brand fits into this category, theyll not only prefer it, but are also willing to a higher price for it. Consumers perceive added values, it’s the the subjective beliefs of the customers (Doyle 1998:168). Global branding can benefit the organisation by considerably cut costs, not only because of the significant scales of economy it achieved(Aaker 2000:306) in terms of new brand development, packaging and manufacturing, but also because with global reputations can enter new markets at lower cost than new national brands: if you move into a Newmarket with a brand that is already global in scope, it reduces the cost of introductory and follow-up marketing programs. Suppliers and distributors obtain a comparatively stable marketing environment and can obtain higher profit, with less risk by trading as business partners with global brands. Therefore companies that market global brands posses’ powerful trade leverage, in bargaining with for efficient service and lower costs, they have more options on choosing its suppliers and retailers. Although there are many advantages to a global brand, each area has tube considered as an individual market. Firstly, culture and custom difference can lead to market difference, which enhance the difficulty of growth of global brand. To meet the different preference of consumers in different countries, global brand may have to adjust its marketing strategy accordingly and customise products. Secondly, localisation and increase in nationalism to some extent may resist the marketing development of global brands. Thirdly, the political factories considered as another main barrier to global brand. Last but not least, along with the technology improvement and product innovation, the rise of local competitors is becoming an inevitable threat to global brand. 5.3 Brand Building Once a brand is established it requires nurturing, to bring out the full potential and add value to the organisation. Kashia (1999) believes that powerful brands are built over time through a conscious management effort. This is achieved through strategic decision making and appropriate actions. All brands â€Å"need tube based on values and attributes that are permanent and, purposeful and fundamental to its strategy† (Kashia (1999) cited in Groucutt, Jet al 2004:285). Therefore by creating such values in an organisation it will provide direction and a future for the brand. A brand with strong â€Å"brand equity† is a valuable asset to an organisation. This asset is difficult to measure; although it has emerged as key strategic asset. A powerful brand enjoys a high level of consumer awareness and loyalty, with the organisation benefiting from lower marketing costs relative to revenues. Consumers expect more outlets to carry strong brands; therefore the organisation has more leverage when bargaining with retailers. This all adds to the â€Å"brands equity†, which needs to be managed by the organisation (Kotler, P. etal 2005). This brand asset management is a concept that is closely related to positioning, since certain brands are central to a companys current and future performance. They need to be managed, enhanced and protected as assets. This allows brand names like Coca-Cola, Sony, Intel and Disney to extend into new product categories, and produce product variants and services (Kotler, P. 2004). Brand asset management is an area of increasing importance to marketers today, particularly as organisations move toward attempts to communicate ever complex and intangible messages, as part of brand management strategies (Davis, 2000; Goodchild and Callow, 2001). Brand managers are concerned with how to develop a better understanding of the appropriate relationship between brand equity and customer loyalty, particularly in relation to the multitude of known variables to customer loyalty (Davis, (2000) Goodchild and Callow (2001) cited in Taylor, S. et al 2004:219). It is vital that marketers position the brand correctly, and consider the fit with its attributes, values, culture, benefits, and personality. For example Mercedes suggests that it attributes are â€Å"well engineered and well built, it is durable, high prestige, fast and expensive†. These attributes tell the consumer the benefits and values that are placed in the product. These attributes represent the German philosophy and culture, which reassures the consumer the high value of the product. The personality of the product is wealthy, well-built and reliable (Kotler, P. 2005). Within the Motor Industry it is difficult to extend products without inexpensive development and launch of a new vehicle, although continual research and development are vital to maintaining market position. Many manufacturers have extended their brands by introducing for example clothing, toys, consumables and sporting equipment. These are retailed mainly through their network of dealerships, utilising economies of scale. These items are inclusive to them, adding value to the products(Johnson, G Scholes J 2004). The emerging literature suggests that customer brand loyalty is generally considered the ultimate desirable marketing-based outcome from strategic marketing activities (Chaudhuri, (1999) Gwinner et al.,(1998); Kumar, (1999) Mittal and Lassar (1998) Reichfeld and Schefter,(2000) Strauss and Friege, (1999) Kotler (1999) have all published article that point to loyalty as the ultimate attainment in marketing. This assertion is largely based on the growing influence of the relationship marketing orientation on marketing theory and practice (Taylor, S. et al 2004:219) 5.4 Brand Loyalty Brands have a personality and speak for the user. They enhance the perceived utility and desirability of a product. Brands have the ability to add to or subtract from the perceived value of a product. On one hand, consumers expect to pay lower prices for unbranded products or for those with low brand equities. On the other hand, they pay premiums for their treasured or socially valued brands. Brands have equity for both customers and investors. Brand equity translates into customer preference, loyalty and financial gains. Brands are appraised and traded in the marketplace. Brand equity has been pointed out to include many dimensions, such as performance, social image, value, trustworthiness and identification (Kotler, P and Gertner, D. 2002) The four types of brand loyalty are characterised as (1) No loyalty: No purchase at all, and a complete lack of attachment to the brand, no social influences to be even cognitively loyal to a brand. (2) Covetous loyalty: No purchase but, unlike the case of no loyalty, the individual exhibits a very high level of relative attachment to the brand as well as a strong positive predisposition towards the brand, which is developed from the social environment. (3) Inertia loyalty: An individual, although purchasing the brand, does so out of habit, convenience or for some other reason, but not as a consequence of emotional attachment to the brand or a real social motive. (4) Premium loyalty: An individual exhibits a high degree of relative attachment tithe brand, a high instance of repeat purchases, and appears to be highly influenced by social pressure. Premium loyalty is characterised by the greatest degree of consumer attachment to the brand, and in this case the consumer purposefully see ks to purchase the particular brand, while attempting to overcome obstacles (Gounaris, S. and Stathakopoulos, V. 2004). Chaudhuri and Holbrook (2001) proposed a model of brand loyalty that suggests that purchase loyalty tends to lead to greater market share, while attitudinal loyalty leads to higher relative brand pricing. Morgan (2000) suggests that the term loyal can be interpreted indifferent ways, ranging from affective loyalty (what I feel) to behavioural loyalty (what I do)†. Thus separating loyalty into emotional and actionable (Chaudhuri and Holbrook (2001) and Morgan(2000) cited in Taylor, S. et al 2004:221). There are different levels of trust that affect brand loyalty, they are(1) calculus-based trust, the consumer believes it is in the service provider interest are not to suffer the loss of reputation and profits(2) Knowledge-based trust, as the name suggests, is based on knowing the service firm well and being able to anticipate its actions. Effective two-way communication is important for knowledge-based trust to develop because it ensures that the parties exchange information about their preferences and approaches to problems. (3) Customers with identification-based trust have full confidence in the service company and believe that it will act in their best interests. The service provider has in-depth knowledge of customers needs and desires, and customers perceive that their desires are fulfilled, and they shared values (Liljander, V. and Roos, I. 2002) In terms of brand purchase expectations, the implicit assumption is that a satisfied customer will remain loyal to the brand (all other factors being equal). In the modern automotive marketing environment, this is indeed a fair assumption to make. The degree of price competition at the retail level is so intense that, when factoring in discounts, rebates and low interest finance rates, price parity inevitably results. Furthermore, the growing oligopolisation of the manufacturing industry (e.g. Ford owning/controlling Jaguar, Mazda,Volvo and Aston Martin) and co-operation between manufacturers (e.g.Ford/VW, Ford/Nissan, GM/Toyota) has resulted in few, if any, sustainable product differences (Liljander, V. and Roos, I. 2002) Is brand loyalty resistance to change? The literature accepts that commitment is central to relationship marketing. There is a link between commitment, trust and loyalty. Pritchard et al. (1999) define commitment as â€Å"the emotional or psychological attachment to a brand†. They argue that resistance to change is the root tendency of commitments well as the primary evidence of commitment, and that resistance to change is a key antecedent to loyalty (Pritchard et al. (1999) cited in Taylor, S. et al 2004:221). 5.5 Relationship Marketing Organisations should build a stronger relationship with their profitable customers. There are five different levels of relationship marketing that can be practiced. The basic level does not really involve building a relationship, for example it is when a car salesperson smiles and sells you a car and waves good-bye as you drive it off the lot. You never see him again; if you need service you talk to someone in the service department. Very few auto dealership systems succeed in building such a strong bond between the dealership and the client that the client keeps buying from the same dealership (Kotler,P. 1992:52). Reactive marketing is the next level of relating. At this level, as the salesperson wave’s good-bye to the customer, he says, By the way, if there’s any problem, please call me. You dont have to call the service department; I am responsible for your satisfaction The employee has taken on some of the responsibility of managing the customer’s needs(Kotler, P. 1992:52). A higher form of relationship is accountability. At this level, the salesperson calls the new car owner within two weeks of the sale and asks how he likes the car, and if there is any way the car could have been better. Those salespeople often get an earful. The customer might say, I wish the door had a pocket for maps. I wish there was a rear window wiper. At that point, the dealer should ask, How much would it have been worth to you if the car did have a map pocket in the door and rear window wiper? That type of information will help the automobile manufacturer continuously improve its product (Kotler, P. 1992:52). Still, a higher level is proactive, where the salesperson will call the customer from time to time and say The manufacturer has developed product that will help you save fuel, its something we can add to your engine and it will reduce your fuel costs. Customers get a sense that the company still is interested in their needs. Partnerships are the ultimate form of relationship marketing. They involve actually living with the customer and are mostly confined to business-to-business relationships (Kotler, P. 1992:52). Each level requires more cost, so it is important for organisations to determine when it is worth going to the next level. Two dimensions that are particularly critical are the margin that the firm makes on the business and the number of customers making purchases. For example, allow-margin business with many customers, for example selling toothpaste would operate at the basic level. The organisation has so many customers for that product and makes so little per unit that it would not be cost-effective to develop a high-level relationship (Kotler, P.1992:52). There are five levels of response for each customer service and retention tool. Those levels vary within companies; an organisation might be reactive with respect to technical assistance, accountable with respect to service and basic in terms of value-added. The important thing is to know where your competitors stand, what is their profile with respect to relationship investments, and what things should you do to be superior to the target market. 5.6 Service Quality The organisation has to decide and implement which level of value-added service it will offer its customers. This experience of the customer will reflect in brand loyalty. Relationship marketing strategy will decide the level of service customer will receive. For example on the basic level technical assistance might be a owner’s manual, yet on the reactive level perhaps help line, at the level of accountability, perhaps an occasional visit to the customer to see if the customer is using the product correctly and efficiently(Kotler, P. 1992:52). Training of employees would appropriate at the proactive level. This can offer the customer a higher level of service, making them feel valued by the organisation. Many manufacturers offer in house training to the employees within the dealerships. This not only trains employees to a similar level of customer service skills, it reinforces the brand. The customer’s experience of the brand is uniform across the manufacturer’s network (Kotler, P. 1992:52). Frequently organisations move from one strategic initiative to another with little consideration of their natural progression. This has been the case for many companies that have moved from an emphasis on quality in the 1980s, to customer satisfaction in the early 1990s, to customer loyalty and retention today. Managers proclaim that they have moved beyond quality and customer satisfaction to focus on what really matters, namely loyalty and profitability. Although it is argued that there is â€Å"no such thing as moving beyond quality and satisfaction. They are essential building blocks toward building loyalty and a valuable business organisation.† (Gustafsson, A. and Johnson, M. 2002:249). The service quality perceived by the customer varies across the spectrum. Relationship benefits are perceived advantages that the regular customer receives over and above the core service. These are rewards; the individual has gained over time by being a regular customer. The benefits tie him or her to the company by making it unattractive to switch providers. They may take the form of loyalty programmes, which are offered to all customers, or benefits that can be customised to individual consumers (Liljander, V. and Roos, I. 2002) . This then becomes a relationship benefit, but only when it is not offered to any customer who enters the dealership, regardless of relationship length. However, companies may believe that they are offering benefits, but only customers can tell if they are experiencing any. Therefore the level of service received is subjective (Liljander,V. and Roos, I. 2002) 5.7 Customer Value Customer value management (CVM) has become a major focus in current marketing, as value marketing has become a slogan among marketing practitioners. Sinha, I and DeSarbo, W. (1998) defined this as â€Å"in the marketplace, value often is defined as quality at the right price and is seen as more important to consumers than quality, because value is quality that the consumers can afford (Sinha, I and DeSarbo, W.1998:236). Zeithaml (1988) reports considerable heterogeneity among consumers in the integration of the underlying dimensions of perceived value. They define the perceived value as a trade-off of higher order abstractions, such as perceived benefits and sacrifice, which are formed from both intrinsic and extrinsic product attributes, including texture, quality, price, performance, service, and brand name (Zeithaml(1988) cited in Sinha, I and DeSarbo, W. 1998:236). Zeithaml 1988:236) There is a strong link between relationship marketing and customer value, the higher value placed on the customer will reflect in their purchasing choices. True and spurious relationships are the extreme points on a continuum. At the lower end, customers may be behaviourally committed to the service but satisfaction is only latent. At the higher end, customers are more manifestly satisfied and more affectively committed to the service (Liljander, V. and Roos, I. 2002) Berry (2000) proposed three relationship levels of customer perceived value. These are based on financial, social and structural bonds. Financial bonds, such as loyalty programmes, are considered the weakest form and may only lead to spurious relationships Social and structural bonds are more closely related to true customer relationships. According to Berry (2000), â€Å"structural bonds offer value-adding problem solutions that are not dependent on individual service representatives, and which are difficult for competitors to copy† (Berry (2000) cited inLiljander, V. and Roos, I. 2002:598) 5.8 Customer Loyalty Customer satisfaction can be considered the central determinant in all phases of the contact chain. Multi-dimensional recording of customer loyalty reveals clear differences in the interactions first with brand loyalty and, second, with dealer loyalty. In contrast to the opinion widely held in practice, customers in the automotive sector definitely do not perceive the brand and the dealer as one unit. The results obtained are so fundamental that they can be translated into implications even by internationally operating companies (Huber, F and Herrmann, A 2001) The relationship between the purchase intention and customer satisfaction has been widely investigated (for example, Oliver 1980;Bearden and Teel 1983). The evidence suggests that there is a strong positive relationship between the two. Several of these studies indicate that higher levels of satisfaction lead to greater customer loyalty (Yi (1991); Anderson and Sullivan (1993) Boulding, Staelin,Kalra, and Zeithaml (1993) all cited in Dervaraj, S. et al 2001:425) Consumers who purchase higher quality vehicles expect to receive higher quality service, therefore the assumption is made that poor service will lead to greater dissatisfaction among those that purchase the higher quality vehicles. Conlon, et al (1997) observed that â€Å"customers who purchase higher quality rated vehicles are more likely to use dealer facilities to maintain their vehicles† (Conlon, et al(1997) cited in Dervaraj, S. et al 2001:425) An explanation for such behaviour is that there is a correlation between the perception of vehicle quality and the perception of the quality of service at dealer facilities. Therefore, high customer expectations of service quality can lead to better service performance which, in turn, this positively influences customer satisfaction with service. Therefore in the higher end of the industry there is greater loyalty (Dervaraj, S. et al 2001:425) Oliver (1999) suggests that â€Å"ultimate customer loyalty is a function of perceived product superiority, personal fortitude, social bonding, and their synergistic effects. His arguments generally support the assertion that measures of loyalty that are constrained only to repurchase considerations fail to capture the richness of the loyalty construct â€Å" (Oliver (1999)cited in Taylor, S. et al 2004:219). If loyalty is essentially an irrational and emotional attachment to product, service or business, then marketers need to focus on elements that create this emotional attachment. In developing a strategy that draws on the irrational attitudes of consumers, brand equity plays an important role. All the elements that contribute to the development of brand equity are difficult to mea

Technology - Progress of Interstellar Travel :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Progress of Interstellar Travel      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The (un)likelihood of extraterrestrial   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   visitation is probably one of the   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  most debated aspects of the Extraterrestrial Hypothesis, the answer being   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   an essential component to the validity of the ETH. After all, the assumed   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   unlikeliness of interstellar travel has become the cornerstone of those   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   who resist the ETH as an explanation for UFOs. So, does extraterrestrial   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   visitation necessarily require all sorts of "unlikely" science, or is it   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   possible to accomplish interstellar travel using conventional wisdom?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "If we at once admit the foolishness of these perennially suggested   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "impediments" to star flight, we will be on our way to understanding that   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  interstellar space does not need a bridge too far. Interstellar travel may   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   still be in its infancy, but adulthood is fast approaching, and our   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   descendants will someday see childhood's end"[1].         Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Opinions on the practicality of interstellar travel diverge, but the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   negative and positive opinions are seen to stem primarily from the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   differences in background of those people doing the studies.   SETI   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   researchers think that the degree of dispersion of stars throughout the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   galaxy, combined with the limitations of interstellar travel as we   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   understand general relativity, effectively preclude the feasibility of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   extraterrestrial visitation, thus believing that any extraterrestrial   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   intelligence would only be transmitting their love and good wishes to us.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The other group, largely composed of physicists and engineers involved in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   propulsion research, tends to believe that interstellar travel is   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   difficult, but not a barrier, or not difficult at all once technology   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   progresses [1]. Not surprisingly, the latter choice appears to be the most   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   defensible.           Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Quite a number of clever designs have appeared in print, describing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   various methods of getting mankind to the stars.   These include such   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   projects as the star probe Daedalus, a robot interstellar vehicle designed   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   by members of the British Interplanetary Society which uses nuclear fusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   power, or interstellar ramjets which scoop up their fuel between the

Sound Essays -- essays research papers

Resonance and Sound†¦Physics and Music Since sound is the medium of music, most of the physics of music is the physics of sound. It's important to remember that sound waves are compression waves. You can imitate a compression wave by stretching out a slinky (you do have a slinky, don't you?) and flicking your finger against a coil at the end. Sound waves are not like the waves on the ocean or the waves you get by waving a stretched-out rope. Take a tuning fork (you do have a tuning fork, don't you?) and whack it on your knee. What do you hear? Unless you hold the tuning fork right next to your ear, you won't hear much of anything. This is because a small tuning fork can't push very much air around. Now take the same tuning fork, whack it on your knee again, and touch the non-forked end to a tabletop or other handy wooden surface. The sound should be a lot louder. This is because the vibrating tuning fork causes the tabletop to vibrate. The tabletop can push much more air around than the fork alone. If you touched the end of the tuning fork to a hollow box or, say, the body of a guitar, the sound would be even louder. This is because the vibrations get transferred to the air inside the box, which vibrates as well. If the dimensions of the inside of the box are a multiple of the wavelength of the sound, some of the sound waves will reinforce each other for even more volume. If a vibration or sound wave can excite another o bject into vibrating, the second object is sai...

The People and Landscape of the Welsh Hillcountry :: R.S. Thomas Poems Poetry Essays

The People and Landscape of the Welsh Hillcountry R.S. Thomas writes about the people and landscape of the Welsh â€Å"hillcountry.† By referring closely to at least two of his poems, show how he makes the Welsh countryside and its inhabitants vivid to the reader. RS Thomas was born in Cardiff in 1913. He was a Parish Priest in Wales for more than 20 years. During this time he taught himself the Welsh language in order to understand the remote hill farmers that are under his care. He writes almost exclusively about the people and landscape of the Welsh hill country. The poems that he writes are lacking in mental emotion but they never lack tender or compassion for the massively hardworking farmers he knows so well. The landscape that Thomas describes so well reflects the grimness of the men’s lives. The people’s lives are never sweetened nor romanticized and the poet has no illusions on its harshness. Yet he has a deep understanding for the hill country and its workers. This shows that R.S Thomas can relate to the Welsh hill country very well. The first poem that I am writing about is called â€Å"The Hill Farmer Speaks†. This poem talks about the life of a farmer who has been greatly affected by his work. The first verse of this poem talks about a man who has no love and no friends. This we learn is because of the land as it says, â€Å"I am the farmer stripped of love and thought and grace by the lands hardness.† This shows the hard work that the man has done over the years has taken from him his love, thought and grace it is also a metaphor making this vivid for the reader. But he wants us to know that he is still a human by saying, â€Å"Listen, listen, I am a man like you.† Alliteration is used here (listen, listen), to cause the affect that the man really is talking to you. The same affect is caused when he says, â€Å"But what I am saying.† It shows you that the mans surroundings are very empty and hostile by it saying, â€Å"Desolate areas rough with dew.† This is also a metaphor showing its vividness to the reader. The second verse of this poem tells us of the wind going over the hill pastures, hill pastures being a feature of any hill farm. After this he says, â€Å"Year after year,† making this process seem constant. In the next three lines there seems to be a link between the ewes and the farmer, where it says, â€Å"The ewes starve, milkless, for want of the new

7 Chankras Essay

Chakra is a Sanskrit word meaning spinning wheel. Chakras are part of the subtle anatomy. The seven major chakras line up from the crown of the head to the base of the spine and connect to various endocrine glands. Each major chakra is directly associated with many aspects of the mind-body-spirit dynamic. When a specific chakra is closed, distorted, or congested, the perception of stress, disease, or illness may result (Seaward, 2012, p. 72.) Of the seven major subtle energy chakras, Western culture only recognizes the seventh chakra, known as the crown chakra. See more: Examples of satire in adventures of huckfinn essay The first chakra is known as the root chakra. It is found at the base of the spine. This chakra is associated with safety and security issues; it represents our foundation and feeling of being grounded (â€Å"The 7 Chakras for Beginners,† 2009.) Furthermore, the root chakra is connected energetically to some organs of the reproductive system, hip joints, lower back, and pelvic area. Some health issues that are believed to correspond with disturbances of the root chakra include lower-back pain, sciatica, rectal difficulties, and some cancers (Seaward, 2012, p. 73.) Some of the emotional issues tied to the root chakra include survival issues such as financial independence, money, and food (â€Å"The 7 Chakras for Beginners,† 2009.) This chakra is known as the seat of the Kundalini energy, a spiritually based concept that is yet to be understood in Western culture (Seaward, 2012, p. 73.) If the Western Culture were to accept the root chakra, it would promote a deep, person al relationship with Earth and nature. When one is rooted in life, they are filled with satisfaction, stability and inner strength (â€Å"The Human Chakra System,† 2009.) The second chakra, known as the sacral chakra, is associated with the sex organs, as well as personal power in terms of business and social relationships (Seaward, 2012, p. 74.) It describes our connection and ability to accept others and new experiences. It is located in the lower abdomen, about 2 inches below the navel and 2 inches in (â€Å"The 7 Chakras for Beginners,† 2009.) The sacral charka deals with emotional feelings that are associated with issues of sexuality, sense of abundance, pleasure, and self-worth. When self-worth is viewed through external means like money, job, or sexuality, this created an energy distortion in this region. Obsessiveness with material gain is believed to be a means to compensate for low self-worth, therefore, created a distortion to this chakra. Some of the symptoms associated with this chakra include menstrual difficulties, infertility, vaginal infections, ovarian cysts, impotency, lower-back pain, sexual dysfunction, slipped disks, and b ladder and urinary infections (Seaward, 2012, p. 74.) Accepting the sacral chakra would encourage people to more easily open themselves towards others, especially the opposite sex (â€Å"The Human Chakra System,† 2009.) The solar plexus chakra, located in the upper stomach region, is the third chakra. This chakra feeds into the organs of the gastrointestinal tract, including the abdomen, small intestine, colon, gallbladder, kidneys, liver, pancreas, adrenal glands, and spleen. This region is associated with self-confidence, self-respect, and empowerment (Seaward, 2012, p. 74.) It relates to our ability to be confident and in-control of our lives (â€Å"The 7 Chakras for Beginners,† 2009.) The solar plexus chakra is commonly known as a gut feeling – an intuitive sense closely connected to our level of personal power. Blockages to this chakra are thought to be related to ulcers, cancerous tumors, diabetes, hepatitis, anorexia, bulimia, and all stomach-related issues (Seaward, 2012, p. 74.) Should the Western Culture accept the solar plexus chakra, it would promote feelings of peace and inner harmony within one’s self and in life. It would allow people to accept themselves complete ly, and respect the feelings and character traits of others (â€Å"The Human Chakra System,† 2009.) The fourth chakra is known as the heart chakra. It is considered to be one of the most important energy centers of the body. The heart chakra refers to our ability to express love (Seaward, 2012, p. 74.) It is located in the center of the chest, just above the heart (â€Å"The 7 Chakras for Beginners,† 2009.) The heart is not the only organ closely tied to this chakra as the lungs, breasts, and esophagus are included. Symptoms of a blocked heart chakra include heart attacks, enlarged heart, asthma, allergies, lung cancer, bronchial difficulties, circulation problems, and problems associated with the upper back and shoulders. An important association exists between the heart chakra and the thymus gland. The thymus gland gets smaller with age and is believed to be a reflection of the state of the heart chakra (Seaward, 2012, p. 74.) The advantage those in the Western Culture would see from accepting the heart chakra involve warmth, sincerity and happiness. These energies open th e hearts of others, inspiring confidence and creating joy among them (â€Å"The Human Chakra System,† 2009.) The fifth charka is located and greatly connected to the throat. Organs associated with the throat chakra are the thyroid, parathyroid glands, mouth, vocal chords, and trachea. This chakra represents the development of personal expression, creativity, purpose in life, and willpower (Seaward, 2012, p. 74.) The inability to express oneself in feelings or creativity distorts the flow of energy to the throat chakra and is thought to result in chronic sore throat problems, throat and mouth cancers, stiffness in the neck area, thyroid dysfunction, migraines, and cancerous tumors in this region (Seaward, 2012, p. 75.) Upon acceptance of the throat chakra, individual feelings, thoughts and inner knowledge could be expressed freely and without fear. Individuals are not manipulated by other’s opinions and they are able to stay true to who they really are without fear (â€Å"The Human Chakra System,† 2009.) The sixth chakra, known as the brow or third eye, is located on the forehead, between the eye brows. It refers to our ability to focus on and see the big picture (â€Å"The 7 Chakras for Beginners,† 2009.) This chakra is associated with intuition and the ability to access the ageless wisdom or bank of knowledge in the depths of the universal consciousness. As energy moves through the dimension of universal wisdom into this chakra, it promotes the development of intelligence and reasoning skills. The sixth chakra is directly connected with the pituitary and pineal gland and feeds energy to the brain for information processing. The wisdom channeled through the brow chakra is more universal in nature with implications for the spiritual aspect of life. Diseases caused by dysfunction of the brow chakra include brain tumors, hemorrhages, blood clots, blindness, comas, depression, and schizophrenia. These types of diseases are believed to be caused by an individual’s inability to see something that is extremely important to their soul growth (Seaward, 2012, p. 75.) The biggest advantage to the acceptance of the third eye chakra is an increased ability of visualization and comprehension of things intuitively. In today’s society, too many people don’t trust their instincts (â€Å"The Human Chakra System,† 2009.) The seventh is the crown chakra. It is located at the very top of our head. It represents our ability to be fully connected spiritually (â€Å"The 7 Chakras for Beginners,† 2009.) The highest level of consciousness is reached when the crown chakra is fully open and functioning. Although no specific disease or illness may be associated the crown chakra, every disease has a spiritual significance (Seaward, 2012, p. 75.) Some of the emotional issues associated with this chakra include inner and outer beauty, our connection to spirituality, and pure bliss (â€Å"The 7 Chakras for Beginners,† 2009.) Western Culture is accepting only of this chakra. In fact, it is highly useful in acupuncture therapy. Resources MindBodyGreen. (2009, October 27). The 7 Chakras for Beginners: Healing, balancing, and opening your chakras with exercises, foods, colors. Retrieved January 10, 2013 from http://www.mindbodygreen.com/0-91/The-7-Chakras-for-Beginners.html Richards, R. (2009, September 20). The Human Chakra System. Retrieved January 10, 2013 from http://www.rickrichards.com/chakras/Chakras2.html Seward, B. L. (2012). Managing Stress: Principles and strategies for health and well-being. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning

With Reference to Relevant Research Studies, to What Extent Does Genetic Inheritance Influence Behavior?

There is currently a substantial body of research supporting the argument that there is a genetic influence on numerous human behaviors, such as homosexuality, intelligence and personality. One indication that behavior has a genetic basis is that behavior is often species specific. Examples include the warning behavior of prairie dogs or the mouth to mouth sharing of blood amongst vampire bats. The closer our genetic resemblance is to a certain species, the more behaviors we have in common. Since long it has also been known that behavior can be bred true, which is the reason why some breeds display specific behaviors. Behavior is also known to change in response to changes in biological structures or processes. Examples include the use of the SSRI drug which alters the reuptake of serotonin in the synapses and consequently our mood, or the loss of important cognitive functions due to brain damage. As the anatomical structure and the physiological processes depend on our DNA we can infer that genes indirectly influence our behavior. It is important to bear in mind that the brain can alter its structure from experience, but this capacity must clearly be genetically determined. Most researchers agree that all behaviors are more or less indirectly influenced by genes. Where they disagree is the extent to which genes influence behavior. Some behavior also seems to be more influenced by genes than others. The influence of cognitive, social and cultural factors on behavior cannot be denied, and even though there may be a genetic predisposition for many disorders, the extent to which the genotype is expressed in its phenotype will depend on environmental influences. The stress-vulnerability model, for instance, assumes that the onset and symptoms of mental disorders are influenced by three interacting factors; biological, environmental and protecting factors that may protect the individual against development of a disorder. A study that illustrates the interaction of genes and environment on behavior is a molecular genetics study by Caspi et al. (2003). Caspi et al. investigated the relationship between the 5-HTT gene and occurrence of depression in 847 New Zealanders. The 5-HTT gene is responsible for the production of serotonin in the body, which in turn has an influence on our mood. A DNA sample was taken of each participant, who also was asked to answer a questionnaire on depression. In order to ensure the participants’ honesty in their self report, their responses were cross checked with a friend of their own choice. The researchers also controlled for levels of stressful life events. The results showed that participants with a short allele on the 5-HTT gene had an increased vulnerability for depression between the ages of 21 to 26. The study also found that the participants only had developed depression if they had suffered from stressful life events, no matter whether they had a propensity for the disorder or not. Replications of the Caspi study in different countries by Chiao and Blizinsky (2010) further support a gene – environment interaction for depression. They investigated the prevalence of the short allele in the 5-HTT gene in different populations and found that there are higher frequencies in populations that are considered to have a â€Å"collectivist† culture, such as Asians, and that there are lower frequencies in populations with an â€Å"individualist† culture, such as Europeans or North Americans. This seems counter-intuitive, considering that depression is more common in individualist cultures than collectivist cultures. Asians should genetically be more prone to depression than Europeans and North Americans, yet Europeans and North Americans are more likely to suffer from it. The research is suffering from several methodological problems. It is possible that depression is as common or in the East as in the West, but that it is underreported. If the data is to be trusted, it suggests that Asian cultures may have better protective factors against the development of depression compared to Western culture, such as better social support. These findings raise potential ethical issues of discrimination and prejudice. Because of the methodological weaknesses of the research, the findings are not conclusive. Most research supports an interaction between genes and environment on behavior. Genetic research on twins and families usually measure the degree of similarity in characteristics, such as intelligence, between genetically related and unrelated individuals. From this comparison, a concordance rate between 0 and 100 is calculated. If the rate is close to 100, the behavior is assumed to have a strong genetic basis. On the other hand, if the rate is low, environmental factors are thought to play a major part. Some of behaviors that have the highest concordance rates are homosexuality, schizophrenia, alcoholism, general mood levels, and intelligence, with average concordance rates between 60 and 70. Behaviors with lower concordance rates include depression, personality, religious values, political beliefs and vocational interests, with average concordance rates of around 30 %. It may seem curious that some of the latter behaviors have a small genetic component, and it is possible that the concordance rates are flawed by methodological issues. The concordance rates fluctuate between studies of the same behavior. This may be due poor control of confounding variables. Some relationships may be purely coincidental, such as in a famous study by Bouchard where two identical twins raised apart had a wife with the same name and in addition had named their son by the same name. Even if monozygotic twins that are raised in different families exercise similar behavior, it can also be because they are raised in similar social and cultural settings, because they look similar and therefore are treated the same, or because they exercise similar behavior patterns of adopted children. Also, one cannot rule out that researcher expectancies and small sample sizes can influence the concordance rates. Finally, there is a construct validity problem of the studied behaviors. Concepts such as intelligence lack an agreed upon definition, and some mental disorders are viewed differently in different countries. It is therefore difficult to compare concordance rates between such studies, as they are measuring different concepts. Even so, it is possible that if personality and talent has a genetic component, individuals may be biologically more inclined to some interests than others, and thus may be more likely to adapt a certain value system or vocation. Even though there are methodological problems involved in genes and behavior research, there is overwhelming evidence that there is an influence of genetic inheritance on most behaviors. The extent of this genetic influence is however still controversial, and may vary depending on the behavior.

Beneath the Cross: Catholics and Huguenots In Sixteenth Century France

Barbara B. Diefendorf, a distinguished historian, narrates the events prior to the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre in France. The St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre was a way for the ruling French monarchy to dispose or eliminate all Huguenots in France. After the Protestant Reformation in Germany, there was a diversification of the Protestant faith all over Europe. In Switzerland, Zwingli established a sect that mixed Orthodox Catholicism and Lutheranism. In England, Henry VIII declared himself as the supreme head of the Church of England, without changing traditional elements of Catholic faith.In Geneva, a zealous preacher, John Calvin, taught the doctrine of predestination. According to this doctrine, before a man is born, his soul was ordained by God to be in either heaven or hell. Man, even by his own freewill, cannot change his destination. Thus, in order to assail his own salvation, he must show to the world that he is destined to heaven. The trajectory of life, accor ding to Calvin, is cloaked with uncertainty of the afterlife. This doctrine shocked the even Calvin’s Protestant contemporaries, notably Luther and Zwingli.The Pope even agreed with other Protestant leaders that such faith could not be Christian or borne out of Christ-centered faith. Thus, the first seed of persecution was released. Among all Protestant faiths, Calvinism suffered the longest and most brutal persecution. Other factors also contributed to the Calvinist persecution in Europe (especially in France). Among were as follows: 1) The Huguenots were able to acquire political and economic power (thus assuming significance in European affairs; 2) The new faith rejected the absolute power of the monarchy.It proposed a new social system that relies heavily on communalism and brotherhood; 3) And, pressure from the Papacy forced Catholic countries to realign their policies toward traditional faith and social system (this was a reactionary move to the ideals of Calvinism). Ma in Theme of the Book In the book, the main theme can be summed up as: the gradual toleration of Huguenots in France generally resulted to increasing persecution of the adherents of Calvinism (although Huguenots comprised only 5% of the French population).The resulting struggle between Catholics and Huguenots was known as â€Å"The Wars of Religion. † For more than two centuries, France was the scene of legal and military struggle between the two factions, until Cardinal Richelieu (the regent of Louis XIII) and King Louis XIV destroyed the last bastions of Huguenots in France. The main theme is subdivided into three sub themes. Here are as follows: 1) The first stage of the conflict (from 1557 to 1563) was characterized by breakdown of order in the city of Paris.The Huguenots were initially granted toleration in the Edict of Amboise; 2) The second stage (from 1563 to 1577) was seen as the initial criss-cross theological battle of Catholic and Huguenot theologians in some of Eu rope’s prestigious universities. Catholic theologians were led by the Jesuits. Huguenot professors were headed by the first students of Calvin; 3) The third stage (from 1567 to 1572) was provoked by religious discontent of both Catholics and Huguenots.Catholics (especially the nobility and the French monarchy) wanted the deterioration of the economic and political power of the Huguenots. The Huguenots demanded more toleration (the opening of more districts for Huguenot worship and the removal of Huguenot books from the list of forbidden books). This was the period prior to the St. Bartholomew’s Massacre. Results Many Catholics in France felt that the degree of toleration granted to the Huguenots (the followers of Calvin) was more than enough to destroy the authority of the Church and the Catholic monarchy.There was an increasing call among traditionalists to destroy the very foundation of Calvinism: their worship districts. Admiral Coligny, the leader of the Huguenots, was severely wounded after an assassination. Several clashes between Catholic and Huguenots were notably in most of France’s major cities. On the night of august 23, a decision was taken at the Louvre to kill Coligny and the entire Huguenot hierarchy. Catherine de Medici, the mother queen, forced his son Charles IX to sign the order. Thus the infamous massacre in history finally came.Generally, the result of â€Å"The Wars of Religion† was the destruction of Huguenot power and the restoration of Catholicism as the official state religion of France. Methods The use of â€Å"historical documents† was highly noted in the book. Several documents dating back to the sixteenth century were presented to compound the main thoughts of the author. There was also a heavy reliance on the use of autobiographies, especially that of the Huguenot leaders who survived the massacre. In general, the methods used by the author were complex in structure and analytical in form.Genera l Critique The author was able to historically â€Å"slice† the events prior to the Huguenot massacre. This is unlike other history books where events were seen as linear progression of cause and effect. Here, events were treated as a web of related forms, leading to a major event. It failed though to explain the â€Å"conditions† which gave Huguenots tremendous power in France despite their minute number. BIBLIOGRAPHY Diefendorf, Barbara B. Beneath the Cross: Catholics and Huguenots in Sixteenth-Century Paris. (New York: Oxford UP, 1991).