Public Schools vs Private Schools Essay

Introduction Are private school students better than those in public schools? What are some of the factors that separate the quality of education received by the two groups of students? Controversy has in the past brewed over studies that have indicated that students in private schools perform better than those in public schools. This paper is therefore meant at an in-depth analysis of both the public and private stakeholders in the education system. The paper will focus on a study that reveals the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats experienced by students going through both systems. The study employs a unique selection model that involve religious and non-religious in comparison to public schools. The study focuses on how these factors affect the selection of schools by individuals and what exactly make private schools attractive. The paper also evaluates measures that can be taken to ensure that both the public schools and the private schools offer the same quality of education. Research problem The competition between private and public schools has been ongoing for a long time. It is only with determining which one is better that we can establish who is better between private school students and public school students. Although research has been continuous for quite some time, it is impossible for anyway to state empirically that one system is better than the other. Similarly, there hasn’t been enough improvement in the educational sector despite the fact that recommendations have been made constantly as to how to try and equalize these systems. This therefore begs the question. How can the research be carried out in such a way that it highlights major issues in the educational sector that need to be addressed? The research is also supposed to bring to light an empirical way through which the quality of public school students can be measured against that of  private school students. Human beings tend to be proud of institutions that they are affiliate to. That being said, conduction of an analysis of the system could be hindered by exaggeration or even false witness statements. Research questions and variables The study should allow for the comprehension of issues that lead to the rift between public and private schools. It should also allow for the answering of questions such as are private school students better than public school students? If so how different are they from public school student? Or rather, in what aspects do these students differ? The paper should also address the possibility of an intervention in the education sector so as to address the issues that demarcate the two institutions in terms of quality education. This should be able to create a lasting solution to the quality issue. Variables involved in this study include socioeconomic status, parental education, peer group characteristics and community support. Socioeconomic status This is commonly referred to as SES. This could affect education at the home level as well as the attitude towards education. The materials read at home could be very resourceful in improving the student’s intake of knowledge. Similarly, a good environment, one without parental quarrels, where all the basic human needs are met can ensure that the student can focus more on education. Availability of books and access to the internet is a major contributor to the learning process. These facilities are not available to all though and this could affect the quality of education. Socioeconomic status could also affect the attitude towards education making data collection during the research rather difficult. Parental education The level of education of the parents is also a variable in this study. Parents could influence their children to either, study hard and achieve as much as they did or to disregard education all the same. Parents with a lower education level are not able to monitor their children’s progress in school or even to determine if they are receiving quality education. This may lead to reduced standards in education. Parental education could affect the quality of a students work at school as well. Peer group characteristics. The company that is to be found at a prospective school may without a doubt determine whether a parent considers the school for his/her child. Parents always want what is best for their children. The thought that negative behavior is quite common in public schools could be a negative aspect. This study should however establish whether this is true and find ways to mitigate the same. Community support The community does in a way regulate the activities of a learning institution. The community influences discipline and behavioral mannerism that are acceptable. This is a major variable since different communities could prefer different behavior. Importance and benefits of research This research could without a doubt be the elusive solution to the issues surrounding equality and equity in the educational sector. The research will also answer the unanswered questions like what factors make private and public school students different, whether the students are different or not as well as the question as to what can be done to ensure that there is a lasting solution to these issues. Research objectives. The study and subsequently the research process, is meant to highlight issues that separate quality education provision between the public and private schools. It should also establish if at all public schools are better than private schools and vice versa. The research process will highlight areas where these two differ and find ways to resolve these issues creating a lasting solution to the issues that have plagued the educational sector for a very long time. This paper, with the focus on past studies, will also look at past recommendations and what has been done to put them into effect not to mention the results they have achieved so far. What challenges have been faced during the implementation process and how they can be remedied in the future are also questions meant to be answered in the study. Literature review The literature reviews in this paper has paid special emphasis on the choice of schools. The academic article has been tackled by David N. Figlio and Joe A. Stone. The ideas and measures stipulated in this article are as per stipulated by the two researchers. Their study is mainly aimed at comparing private and public schools. Several factors have been put into consideration. They include the performance, management of the school, the quality of the teaching process, class size and the facilities offered by the school. The writer of this article argue that private schools are more superior than public schools because the learners in private schools are more likely to successfully graduate from high school and get chances in colleges or universities. The proponents of this article can be criticized by the fact that public schools offer comparatively equal quality education. Also this article has used data from different private and public schools to understand the best school between private and public schools. This article has also placed a special emphasis on the unique difference that occurs between the public schools and private schools sponsored by the church. Reality stipulates that other factors apart from religion can influence the quality of education that can be provided. For example the writers of this research article should have considered factors such as the selection process. Perhaps the selection process used during the intake of private schools mainly focuses on bright students. The second article that has been tackled in this literature review a research that was done by The Center of Educational policy. The most unique thing with this research is that it recognizes that factors such as family background and the level of the school should be considered before making a comparison between any public and private schools. Also, a lot of studies that have been done in the past by scholars such as Hoffer, Coleman and Kilgore(1982) made conclusions that private schools are incomparably better than public schools. It is important to consider other important aspects of family life during any study. The good thing about this research is that it did appreciate the fact that the difference in issues such as the family of origin can make a great difference in the performance of different students. Although this study has considered these factors, it is still vivid that there are other issues within their methodology that have made their conclusion that those public schools are better and private schools appear lame. They argue that public schools improve the value of students and help them to continue maintaining the spirit of their private school performance, but there are still others who whose performance indicate a dropping graph. The other article dealt with in the literature review is the comparison made between private schools, public schools and market schools done by Andrew J. Coulson. His paper focused on informally collected information and this is likely to be biased. Sometimes, the media can encode information that private schools are better than public schools so that they can only create a public opinion that private schools should be preferred to public schools. The strength found in this article is that the information used is data that has been collected from various parts of this world such as Chile, Thailand, India, Nigeria and Indonesia among other countries. The Educational Next JournaL IS the last article of the literature review in this proposal. The author of this article is known as Elena Llaudet and Paul E. Peterson. This journal was written on winter 2007. They used NCES model that used to infer to a student’s background during the study and comparison of family backgrounds to identify incidences of poverty in families. They argued that the use of this model would help to identify the strengths of both private and public schools considering that the factor of poverty should be held constant. They also analyzed the number of students who had language difficulties and researched to see the language used in their homes. The writers of this article should have considered to analyze other factors that are likely to affect a student’s performance apart from their backgrounds. Research design The research design of this particular study is mainly based on the understanding that a lot of comparison and analysis should be done in order to be able to answer the research problem. This research will be carried out by the use of field interviews, questionnaires and other methods that will be found workable at that time. To ensure that all possible comparison is made, the researcher will ensure that they make a list of Ten public school and ten Private schools to compare several variables about them. The main area of comparison is the academic performance, but other factors that are likely to affect academic performance will also be considered. These factors include; facilities, human resource, discipline and the environment among other vital factors. Data collection methodology The data collection methodology of this research proposal is aimed at collecting data from students, teachers, the ministry of education and its departments together with youth correction institutions. Correctional Institutions for the youth will be very resourceful to help us to understand the rate of school truancy between the population from the public and the private schools. The data should be collected by means of questionnaires, interviews, as well as hypothesis. The questionnaire should also be aimed at helping the researcher to understand how students feel about being in a public or private schools. Other possible questions include; Do you think you would perform better if you were in a private school? Or Do you think that you would add more value in private or public school? If you were given a chance to rate the facilities of your school out of ten, what value would you give? Also, the interviews will be conducted to students in school (both private and public), teachers, Heads of various school departments and the parents too. Expected results When family background is taken into account, the following results are expected from the research; First and foremost, young adults whose education was at private schools are likely no to be engaged in civic activities compared to young adults whose education was at public schools that are known to have limited resources and traditional ways of education. Also, when the population of young adults who schooled in private schools is compared to those who schooled in public schools, it is clear and vivid that those people who attended traditional public high schools are more satisfied with their jobs compared to the others who schooled in private schools. The performance of students in public schools is also expected to be better than those in private schools considering that they are trained to be more independent. Finally the people who are more likely to attend college are those in public schools and not private schools. Generally, these expectations are meant to reveal that the people in private schools neither receive short term nor long-term academic advantages. Conclusion In conclusion, it is unequivocally vivid that to understand the differences and uniqueness of both public and private schools, a lot of analysis has to be done. This research is only a proposal of a lot of work which is in the offing to try and answer the research question. Public schools have various shortcomings and strengths at the same time. In the same way, private schools also have their uniqueness and shortcomings too. References Andrew J. Coulson, Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, (2009) Comparing Public, Private, and Market Schools: The International Evidence, Journal of School Choice Coleman, J. S. , Hoffer, T. , & Kilgore, S. (1981). Public and private schools. Washington, D. C.? : National Center for Education Statistics :. Coleman, J. S. , Hoffer, T. , & Kilgore, S. (1982). High school achievement: public, Catholic, and private schools compared. New York: Basic Books. David N. Figlio, School Choice and Student Performance: Are Private Schools Really Better? , , September 1997 Elena Llaudet, Paul E. Peterson, The NCES Private-Public School Study, Winter 2007/Vol. 7/NO. 1 Hoxby, C. M. (1994). Do private schools provide competition for public schools?. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. Mendelssohn, J. (2007). Which school? : beyond public vs private. North Melbourne: Pluto Press.

Worst Day of My Life

The Worst Day of My Life It was August 20th 2005 on a Friday morning. I woke up and I was feeling alright. I did what I usually do on Fridays. I cooked, cleaned, took a shower, brushed my hair, and then sat in the living room to watch T. V. Next, my favorite show came on and I was happy and excited to  watch the new episode. Later, the phone rang while I was watching the T. V, then I got up  and then answered the phone. It was my sister in law calling, to tell us that our father had passed away about  an hour  ago.I could not believe what I was hearing; I throw the phone on the floor, fell to my knees and started crying. My mother and everyone else ran towards me, asked me what was wrong and what I found out over the phone. I could not talk at all; I was out of breath from crying. But they all knew something terrible had happened. My mom picked up the phone from the floor and then talked with my sister in law, to find out the sad truth. My mom was shocked like me when she hea rd what I heard.When my siblings found out, we all fell apart and started to cry and hug each other. We prayed and asked god to get us through the tough time we were going through. After we prayed I went and sat in the corner with my brother and older sister. Three of us kept sitting and crying. After that my mother was trying to comfort us, but she could barely talk because she was crying so much. Unfortunately crying wouldn’t change the reality. My mother had to break the news to everyone over the phone.It was very painful hearing my mom breaking the news to the rest of the relatives, but we had no choice. In conclusion, our life has changed dramatically ever since my father’s death because my mother had to take all the responsibilities. Life was never the same for us, for we are missing the head of the household. Since the loss of our father is a fact, we had to live with the pain and get used to it. And every time that date passes we remember the grief of losing ou r father. Worst Day of My Life The Worst Day of My Life It was August 20th 2005 on a Friday morning. I woke up and I was feeling alright. I did what I usually do on Fridays. I cooked, cleaned, took a shower, brushed my hair, and then sat in the living room to watch T. V. Next, my favorite show came on and I was happy and excited to  watch the new episode. Later, the phone rang while I was watching the T. V, then I got up  and then answered the phone. It was my sister in law calling, to tell us that our father had passed away about  an hour  ago.I could not believe what I was hearing; I throw the phone on the floor, fell to my knees and started crying. My mother and everyone else ran towards me, asked me what was wrong and what I found out over the phone. I could not talk at all; I was out of breath from crying. But they all knew something terrible had happened. My mom picked up the phone from the floor and then talked with my sister in law, to find out the sad truth. My mom was shocked like me when she hea rd what I heard.When my siblings found out, we all fell apart and started to cry and hug each other. We prayed and asked god to get us through the tough time we were going through. After we prayed I went and sat in the corner with my brother and older sister. Three of us kept sitting and crying. After that my mother was trying to comfort us, but she could barely talk because she was crying so much. Unfortunately crying wouldn’t change the reality. My mother had to break the news to everyone over the phone.It was very painful hearing my mom breaking the news to the rest of the relatives, but we had no choice. In conclusion, our life has changed dramatically ever since my father’s death because my mother had to take all the responsibilities. Life was never the same for us, for we are missing the head of the household. Since the loss of our father is a fact, we had to live with the pain and get used to it. And every time that date passes we remember the grief of losing ou r father.

Analyzing the Marketing Mix Strategy of Apple Inc Essay

Apple Inc. is an American multinational corporation that designs and sells consumer electronics, computer software, and personal computers Over the last decade, Apple has redefined the music business through the iPod, the cellphone business through the iPhone and the entertainment and media world through the iPad. Its software includes the Mac OS X operating system, the iTunes media browser; the iLife suite of multimedia and creativity software, the iWork suite of productivity software, iTunes, a proprietary media player application that works with iTunes store and allow customers to download music and offers other features of consumer electronics, the Safari web browser, and iOS, a mobile operating system. During the past 36 years, Apple has become a famous brand that technology of the world known and highly admired by the ingenious strategy, modern and sleek design, and always bring the products to satisfy consumers. Understanding how to think of Apple as product design, promotion, price and how to distribute it to customer that helps us to see the direction and shape of products that the company will launch in the near future. There have been few studies about Marketing Strategy of Apple Inc such as Maketing Fundamental Project (Christine, 2010),Marketing Mix of Apple Inc. Norm, 2012), Marketing Mix: Apple iPod (Angela, 2009), Accounting and Financial Analysis (Sachitanand, Denisa & Alcides, 2008), External and Internal Factors on Apple Inc. (David, 2008) Apple and CEO Steve Jobs is enjoying the glory days in recent years by reputation and the success of the blockbuster iPhone, iPad, and MacBook Air.. However Apple’s not perfect in every way. In fact, the company also has great disadvantages need to improve in the future. What are the weaknesses of Apple that their opponents could exploit? There is little information of the customer’s feedback about the same mistakes of the products that have not been overcome by Apple Inc such as: No new design: a way of repeating the design of the 3G and 3G versions, ip4 and ip4s version, and the newest is ipad 2 and the new ipad design that a reason to make many people were disappointed because Apple did not release a new product is completely different design than the old version. With Ipod Gen 4, IP4s and The New Ipad products are common defects about low battery and overheat when using constantly 1 hour for playing game and searching web with Wifi and 3G. So far, Apple Inc. has some explanations but not yet for solution to the problem. They claim that ongoing research and promises to be a solution in the nearest time. Before success can not deny of Apple product and research to find out the cause of success is significant for managers. Especialy, when we is preparing to step into the process of global integration with the world economy. The prupose of this report is to determine whether competitive strategy can be attractive more tastes of customers, and this present paper is aimed at: â€Å"The Marketing Mix Strategy of Apple Inc. † It is hoped that information from this study may be useful in identifying the right product must be exhibited to right people at the right place, right price and right time.

The Bermuda Triangle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Bermuda Triangle - Essay Example In fact, the mystery behind Bermuda Triangle is based on exaggerated reporting and explanations by media reporters and seafarers. Still, people are not yet ready to believe that there exists less scope for paranormal activity behind the Bermuda Triangle. But evidences on the disappearances of ships and aircrafts in the Bermuda Triangle prove that there exists less scope for extraterrestrial forces behind disappearances in the Bermuda Triangle. Besides, this region is a renowned for heavy traffic of ships. So, there exists high scope for accidents and related incidents. At the same time, the story behind the Bermuda Triangle tends the seafarers and pilots to expect some extraterrestrial forces in this region and this leads them to accidents. Stewart (2009) makes clear that, â€Å"Many familiar with the waters near Bermuda, for example, say that can happen easily because of the turbulence and converging currents of the Gulf Stream within the Triangle† (p. 79). The Ocean current, added with methane gas, is strong enough to sink a vessel. The excavations conducted with the help of marine experimentation equipments prove that the secret behind most of the incidents in Bermuda Triangle is human error. ... In fact, natural explanation on mystery behind the Bermuda Triangle proves that natural phenomenon like wind storm added with human error is the real villain behind the tragic incidents. Besides, the natural explanation on the mysterious disappearances is based on the fact that this area is important within the context of maritime activities. To be specific, this area is the meeting point of maritime activities between America and Europe. A number of aircrafts (say, commercial/private) conduct daily trips from America to other parts of the world. Rosenberg (2002) stated that, â€Å"The most commonly mentioned theory is simply that the disappearances were caused by simple human error† (p.22). One can see that tropical storm in the Bermuda Triangle area is one of the natural factors behind the loss of the vessels and aircrafts. All these factors within the context of sea and air transportation lead to disasters in the Bermuda Triangle area. Evidently, mechanical malfunction is t he reason behind the loss of vessels and aircrafts in the Bermuda Triangle region. When the authorities failed unmask the secret behind the mysterious incidents in the Bermuda Triangle, more and more people began to suspect paranormal forces behind the same. But Hamilton (2007) opined that, â€Å"Since this area is one of the most heavily traveled places in the world, it is no surprise that many people have seen tragically lost within the Bermuda Triangle† (p.4). For instance, the disappearances of G-AHNP Star Tiger and Douglas DC-3 aircrafts in the year 1948, G-AGRE Star Ariel aircraft in the year 1949, and KC-135 Stratotanker in the year 1963 led the international community to consider that there exist paranormal forces behind the incidents. Later, investigation proved that human error, weak

Human R Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human R - Essay Example I took up the management degree as I believed that obtaining a degree in management would widen my career choices. A degree in management will always be useful as it forms the core of any given organization. I have served as a Healthcare administrator for one year during my industrial apprentice program during which I gained a lot of exposure to healthcare management and truly realized the vital role played by the human resource team in hospitals and other medical organizations. The opportunity also helped me hone my leadership and organizational skills and the ability to handle work pressure. In addition the training also markedly improved my skills in communication, patient advocacy and other related areas which I believe is an important necessity for any human resources personal. Thus with this experience I am confident that I would be able to contribute well to the human resource team in an healthcare organization. Management of the medical fraternity, patient requirements, insurance and other related medical facilities is a highly demanding job. The human resource team plays an important link between all these players and hence forms the core of the organization. Building positive relations with the medical community, patients as well as their families will only strengthen relationships among colleagues and between doctors and their patients. Hence this course will enable me to broaden my understanding about management of human resources which would enable me to contribute significantly in my future jobs and career. I hope to gain a better focus in my career and also equip myself with all the core concepts regarding human resource management. I have come to understand that managing human resources requires tremendous communication skills, ability to tactfully handle issues especially those concerning the patient and also strive to maintain a

Developing Effective Employment Relationships Essay - 2

Developing Effective Employment Relationships - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that businesses today face a lot of challenges, ranging from international competition growth to changes in the technology market that impact business direction. One of the most fundamental challenges is establishing effective employment relationships, both in a recessionary environment and in a more conducive and stable economic climate. To build effective employee/manager relationships, there are several leadership models that provide valuable human resources-based outcomes. These include transformational leadership, laissez-faire leadership, and transactional leadership. All three of these models have differing approaches to building successful employment relationships, either focusing on autonomy, inspiration and vision iteration, or establishing effective rewards for meeting performance targets. Whatever model utilized in the organizational environment, there are opportunities and challenges associated with how employees will respond i n a recessionary environment and when economic conditions are more favorable for business growth and development. During a recession, employees begin to find personal concern about their employment security. Job security, under respected models of psychology, is a fundamental need that must be fulfilled before the employee can achieve self-esteem, a sense of social belonging, or achieve full self-actualization; the process of reaching the pinnacle of motivation and self-expansion. When employees feel that their jobs are in jeopardy, they will be more resistant to enacting change processes and will be de-motivated toward meeting performance expectations. When employees feel that their job positions are in jeopardy due to economic recession or business slowdowns occurring as a result of the macro-level economic environment, they are less motivated to perform under Expectancy Theory. Under this theory, employees choose a certain behavior based on the perceived desirability of the outco me of this behavior. Economic recessions often lead to internal job reductions through layoffs, thus consolidating job roles until the recession has run its life cycle and business returns back to expected levels of profitability. Employees that have remained behind and witnessed job losses with important reference group colleagues and associates, issues of job security are fresh on the minds of the employee.

Professor and Student in aGgun-Fight within the University Essay

Professor and Student in aGgun-Fight within the University - Essay Example The House of Representatives is just about to pass the bill, thus coming into a recognized policy. Hampikian sounds startled by the proposed law and in an amusing way, asks when he can shoot a student. Hampikian is interested in getting the bill approved though he is also considering the adverse effects that the policy is likely to have. Is it not a perplexing situation to see a lecturer pointing his/her gun to a student? And what happens when the student draws his gun in self-defense? Hampikian’s credibility is well established when he seeks legal instruction on what the rules of engagement in class will be once the students and professors start carrying guns to school. He invites dialog between the stakeholders both at the state level and the Boise University. According to him, it seems quite strange for a lecturer to carry a gun to his place of work since his responsibility is dealing with students only. He expresses this as a matter of practical concern. He is, however, accommodative of the change. He has no problems with the students carrying guns. He is currently acknowledging the fact that even right now, the students can still fight back using their pencils, when totally disgruntled, although he has no fears for the pencil since he always carries his pen as well. His credibility is further shown by the position he holds at the university. He is a professor of biology at the same university. This shows his credibility in that he appreciates the studen ts’ rights to defend themselves when necessary (Hampikian para 3). According to the author, permitting guns to campus will have an effect on the ethics and the organizational culture of the institution. Ethics refer to the norms followed in a particular organization. They define the conduct of conduct by all the players in the particular organization. Concerned with the ethics of the university and the Idaho State at large, Hampikian prompts the Legislators to consider the repercussions of  minor engagements that normally arise when students are carrying out their daily activities at the university, before making their final decision.

Lucy vs. Zehmer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Lucy vs. Zehmer - Essay Example The instrument the Lucys were seeking to enforce stated: â€Å"We hereby agree to sell to W.O. Lucy the Ferguson Farm complete for $50,000, title satisfactory to buyer.† It was written by A.H. Zehmer, and was duly signed by both A.H. and I.S. Zehmer. The defense of A.H. Zehmer was that he considered the offer of Lucy to purchase Ferguson as a joke, and at the time they signed the document both of the respondents were drunk. Zehmer also stated that while he did write the document, to him it was more of a response to a dare, as he did not believe that Lucy could afford $50,000, something he outrightly told the latter. In fact, although Zehmer wrote the contract, he did not deliver it, but Lucy picked it up, read it and put it in his pocket. At this point, Lucy offered $5 earnest money to seal the contract, but realizing he was serious, Zehmer refused to accept the money and instead told Lucy that had no intentions to sell Ferguson. On the other hand, Lucy contended that the sale was a done deal. He argued that at no time did he believe Zehmer to be joking. When Zehmer mentioned that Lucy would not be able to afford his price, Lucy assured him that he could. This was the reason Lucy immediately thereafter asked the help of his brother who agreed to share interests in the purchase. The lower court decided that Lucy had not proven his right to specific performance, and the case was dismissed. ... However, if the contract remains valid, then the Lucys are entitled to its specific performance. 3. The court's decision on those issues The Supreme Court of Virginia ruled that a valid contract had been created when the Zehmers set their signatures to the instrument, creating an obligation on either side to meet its terms as contained in the document. The claim of Zehmer that he was merely drunk, and at the same time only joking (i.e., did not really intend to sell), is not sufficient to invalidate the existing contract. The complainants are entitled to the specific performance of the contested contract. The decision of the lower court is therefore reversed, and the case is remanded. 4. The rationale the court used in reaching those decisions The Supreme Court decided that Zehmer’s contention that he did not really intend to offer his property for sale does not hold water. It is true that normally, the law of contracts requires that the parties to the contract mutually consen ted to it. However, given certain cases such as this one, it is not so important for the parties to mentally agree to the forming of the contract; what is important is that the acts and words of one of the parties convey the reasonable meaning of such intention to the other party, that is, that the parties appeared serious in their intent to transact (Patterson, p. 74). A binding contract of sale therefore existed between the two parties, whether or not the response of the Zehmers was serious or in jest, because one party (Lucy) made a serious offer, and took their response to be likewise a serious answer to his offer. â€Å"Intentions of the parties to a contract are determined by a reasonable interpretation of their manifest conduct and expression. Unexpressed

Patent report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Patent report - Essay Example The PaperTab combines thin-film display and thin-film input that incorporates computing technologies made possible by the intuitive interaction design in that the plastic displays are transformational in terms of interaction as they can allow interaction of humans with electronic paper as they are thinner and offer standard glass displays. For patency to subsist there must be some conditions that must be met according to the regulations set by the agency concerned with patency in Canada. These three requirements for the patentability of a product include the fact that the product must have what is known as novelty, inventive step and industrial application. According to The World Intellectual Property Organization (2002), novelty questions outlines that support the invention claimed by a particular person or body and is important that the courts or law enforcement agencies make a comparison between the state of the art to the invention itself. Under this, there is often the problem o f establishing what has been referred to as ‘state of the art’ and the law provides that all matters or patents must be made public inclusive of those that are still pending. It is required that persons intending to patent a product must also disclose their time and geographical limits while for international patents, it was a requirement that the translation requirements are followed and applied to the letter. Public disclosure of the product of the patent in this case the phone must be in a manner that makes it available to the public and must be sufficiently clear to everyone (Berman 2002). It is also important to note that the disclosure of the patent must be sufficiently appreciated by all those concerned whereby it should be ensured that if the procedure which ends up producing the substance is part of the state of the art, so is the substance made by the procedure (Norman, 2011). Further, there must be a distinction drawn between the disclosure of a product and t he disclosure for use. The requirement of Inventive Step for patentability is provided and incorporates the obviousness test in as provided by the common law test of Cripps Test (Slusky, 2007). It should be found whether a reasonable man on whom patent law should apply would in general knowledge have come up without any difficulty to the solution brought forward by the patent. The parties involved in patenting must identify the inventive concept whereby it should be assumed that a person is the normally skilled but unimaginative person with skills in the art and with the common knowledge in the art at the date that as a priority. It is also important that any differences are identified between the invention and the matter that is claimed to be already known whereby it is questioned whether the differences are so obvious to anyone skilled in the art or whether they would have required an invention. Under Industrial Application, the important factor is to find out whether the ideas ca me before their time, or that the patented product was used or made in the industry. This is regardless of whether the product in this case the phone was made for profit or gain but excludes personal or private activities and determines the usefulness or utility of the product and its technical effect. From the foregoing argument it is important that the

Leininger's nursing theory research article summaries Paper - 1

Leininger's nursing theory article summaries - Research Paper Example This article is a summary of the culture care theory and a discussion of the features evident in the theory. The article is divided into four parts, with the first part introducing the transcultural nursing theory and its historical development since its introduction by Leininger. The second part of the article provides the major features of the theory; including the fact the theory is one of the oldest and most applicable in the nursing field. This is followed by a description of the philosophical rots of the theory and the introduction of the nursing experience influenced by the theory. The purpose and goal the theory is then expounded by the author, including the use of research findings to develop an understanding of the care given to patients across cross-cultural dimensions. An analysis of the research article indicates that the development of the transcultural nursing theory is important in the provision of quality health care to patients. The article is relevant to nursing practice since it discusses a new aspect of the transcultural nursing theory, and provides a useful insight into the field of nursing in relation to the theory. The transcultural nursing theory has been identified as one of the leading theories in the provision of quality health care by focusing on worldwide cultures and nursing practices. An analysis of the article by Leininger presenting the view of transcultural nursing specialists and the effects of transcultural nursing reveals the advantage of the theory. This article proposes the use of the transcultural theory in nursing practice to achieve full patient health regardless of cultural barriers. The article shows how to prepare a transcultural nurse specialist in practice and application of the original theory. The article being summarized presents the main characteristics of the transcultural nurse in relation to the dynamic field of nursing in the evolving world. The article goes on to propose that

Representation of Racism in Gone With the Wind Essay

Representation of Racism in Gone With the Wind - Essay Example It is from media that we learn how to dress, talk and act appropriately. The impact media has on our lives is so enormous that it is necessary to learn to understand the message it’s trying to portray, the right way. Media is also a means of integrating cultural values in us. It increases a person’s power with respect to the culture and gives him an upper hand in his culture (Douglas Kellner). Cultural studies have given a lot to the criticism of media and to increase knowledge about it. The University of Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies has built up a number of ways to carry out critical experiments to analyze, interpret and criticize cultural pieces. After a series of struggles, the center of focus of Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies is class, race, gender, sexuality, ethnicity, and nationality as represented by cultural media. They study the effect of media and how different groups interpret the media differently and what was the cause of the difference in their interpretations. Cultural studies have made it easier to analyze and inspect the whole culture without having prejudices beforehand regarding some other cultural medium. Studies being conducted about Hollywood movies of mid 20th century show how they are more political rather than cultural (Douglas Kellner). A dumb blonde is one of the many common stereotypes. A blonde is by default assumed to be dumb, yet wildly attractive with a great body and she gets special treatment from men everywhere. This stereotype is highly offensive yet still holds true in almost all scenarios. The act of stereotyping is not a new one neither is the accusation of it being offensive and nor is the defensive blow that it is what the truth is. But the question is why is stereotyping an object of protest even though it is not completely false and why is it different from other simplifications and classifications (Judith Andre). Stereotyping refers to the firmness and the ina bility to change of an object (such as metallic plates, from which the word ‘stereotyping’ originates) being used metaphorically. Concerning modern era, the stereotype is taken to mean an easy oversimplified assumption, which a certain group falls under without any change. Psychologists use this term to define an unyielding personality trait in a person. Stereotyping does not take into account proofs that negate the stereotyping. Stereotypes are made because of the human mind’s resistance in face of change. Color-blind racism was the type of racism which prevailed after the civil war. Colorblind racism is making one look like he’s not racist yet his action says otherwise and having doubts about the blacks anyhow. This type of racism is based on a number of factors. After the civil war, whites had stopped discriminating the blacks directly and with their words, but they strategically used deep meaning words to express their views to discriminate the blacks. Media also helped in projecting colorblind racism and there were some other small factors as well (Eduardo Bonilla-Silva). In the modern times, when whites talk about black with respect to their race, their words are marked with doubt. T

History of Mathematics Essay Example for Free

History of Mathematics Essay If D is between A and B, then AD + DB = AB (Segment Addition Postulate). And segment AB has exactly one midpoint which is D (Midpoint Postulate). The midsegment of a triangle is a segment that connects the midpoints of two sides of a triangle. Midsegment Theorem states that the segment that joins the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side and has a length equal to half the length of the third side. In the figure show above (and below), DE will always be equal to half of BC. Given ? ABC with point D the midpoint of AB and point E the midpoint of AC and point F is the midpoint of BC, the following can be concluded: Since the tangent of circle is perpendicular to the radius drawn to the tangency point, both radii of the two orthogonal circles A and B drawn to the point of intersection and the line segment connecting the centres form a right triangle. If and are the equations of the two circles A and B, then by Pythagorean theorem, is the condition of the orthogonality of the circles. A Saccheri quadrilateral is a quadrilateral that has one set of opposite sides called the legs that are congruent, the other set of opposite sides called the bases that are disjointly parallel, and, at one of the bases, both angles are right angles. It is named after Giovanni Gerolamo Saccheri, an Italian Jesuit priest and mathematician, who attempted to prove Euclids Fifth Postulate from the other axioms by the use of a reductio ad absurdum argument by assuming the negation of the Fifth Postulate. In hyperbolic geometry, since the angle sum of a triangle is strictly less than radians, then the angle sum of a quadrilateral in hyperbolic geometry is strictly less than radians. Thus, in any Saccheri quadrilateral, the angles that are not right angles must be acute. Some examples of Saccheri quadrilaterals in various models are shown below. In each example, the Saccheri quadrilateral is labelled as ABCD, and the common perpendicular line to the bases is drawn in blue. For hundreds of years mathematicians tried without success to prove the postulate as a theorem, that is, to deduce it from Euclid’s other four postulates. It was not until the last century or two that four mathematicians, Bolyai, Gauss, Lobachevsky, and Riemann, working independently, discovered that Euclid’s parallel postulate could not be proven from his other postulates. Their discovery paved the way for the development of other kinds of geometry, called non-Euclidean geometries. Non-Euclidean geometries differ from Euclidean geometry only in their rejection of the parallel postulate but this single alteration at the axiomatic foundation of the geometry has profound effects in its logical consequences. The Lobachevsky geometry is therefore consists of these statements: ? There are lines that are parallel which are everywhere equidistant. ? In any triangle the sum of the three angles is two right angles which is 180 degrees. ? Straight lines parallel to the same line are parallel to each other. ? There exist geometric figures similar with same shape but of different size to other geometric figures. ? Given three points, there is a circle that passes through all three. ? If three angles of a quadrilateral are right angles, then the fourth angle is a right angle. ? There is no triangle in which all three angles are as small as we please. ? There exist squares or equilateral quadrilaterals with four right angles.

Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN)

Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) Introduction The Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) was founded in 1967 by Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand with the signing of the ASEAN Declaration in Bangkok. ASEANs objectives were to accelerate the economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region. To promote regional peace and stability, active collaboration and mutual assistance on matters of common interest in the economic, social, cultural, technical, scientific and administrative fields. ASEAN was subsequently expanded over the years to include Brunei, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar and Cambodia making up the ten member states of ASEAN today. Despite the expansion, the objectives and working principles of ASEAN have remained unchanged throughout the years. The ASEAN way of informal networking had been effective in creating a cohesive, peaceful and economically successful ASEAN bloc. This essay will address the question of ASEANs relevance to stability, security and prosperity of Southeast Asia in three parts. First, the essay will attempt to examine the power-balancing role of US in Southeast Asia. Secondly, the essay will analyze the conditions under which ASEAN was created to illustrate how ASEANs objectives are aligned with stability, security and prosperity of Southeast Asia. Lastly, this essay will explore in more depth how ASEAN remains essential to the stability, security and prosperity of Southeast Asia. The essay shall then conclude why the interpretation of MM Lees words is not accurate in current context and why ASEAN is not merely a supplement to the power-balancing role played by the US. Power-Balancing Role of US in Southeast Asia The strategic presence of US in Southeast Asia has not prevented USs allies and partners in the region from low-intensity conflicts and non-traditional threats. For example, there is still a high incident rate of piracy activities in the Malacca straits, Singapore straits and South China Sea. The strategic presence of the US has also not provided any security to the states in Southeast Asia from the attack by terrorist groups. Thailand, Philippines and Indonesia had all fallen victim to terrorist bombing, not once, but on several occasions. The attacks might even be triggered by the close ties between US and the states in Southeast Asia. The terrorist would have view the states as being pro-US thus became a target for the terrorist groups. The third Indochina War was officially brought to a close with the October 1991 agreements at the Paris Conference (PICC). With the collapse of the Soviet Union, the regional role of the US is no longer being shaped by the American Cold War imperatives in Southeast Asia. Impetuses for the Founding of ASEAN Most Southeast Asian states, less Thailand, attained political independence after centuries of foreign domination and colonization after the end of World War II. As such, nation building was the primary focus of ASEAN during its early years of formation. Furthermore, forming a regional organisation could fill the power vacuum left by the major powers, which used the region for proxy wars and major power rivalry. ASEAN provided a platform for the newly independent states to concentrate in their nation building and economic development. ASEAN was thus formed to create a peaceful and stable environment for nation building and growth among the Southeast Asian states. Despite the wish for peace and stability, the world in the 1960s era was embroiled in the war against communism. Communist threat to existing governments at that time was severe. The region was overwhelmed with communist insurgencies and there were imminent danger of communism spreading across Southeast Asia. Economic growth, a means to prevent the spread of communism was thus another important objective for the formation of ASEAN. Although Southeast Asia faced a common enemy, suspicions and distrust caused by Konfrontasi, the Malaysia-Indonesia Confrontation was prevalent among the member states. With the change in political leadership in Indonesia in 1966 with Suhartos replacement of Sukarno as Indonesias President, this spells the end of Sukarno regime and the end of Konfrontasi. It was also the beginning of Suhartos New Order regime and Good Neighbour policy. In order to achieve peace and stability in the region, it was important to first restore confidence and reassure Southeast Asia of Indonesias peaceful intentions. As a result, ASEAN was formed under the principle of non-interference in each others domestic affairs to create a tolerant environment for members to engage without suspicion and doubts. Given the above conditions, ASEAN was formed with the objectives to promote regional peace and stability, co-operation, economic development, and generating social and cultural progress. Defence arrangement such as SEATO was deliberately avoided to prevent being seen as overly pro-Western and provoking to Vietnam. ASEANs Achievements It has been four decades since ASEAN was founded. The achievements of ASEAN cannot be downplayed, for the fact that ASEAN is the one and only permanent regional association in Asia. Stability of Southeast Asia ASEAN had provided the framework for regional stability. The ASEAN Way of doing things had proven its strength based on how far ASEAN have came since its founding. The specific features of ASEAN Way are: informal process of interaction, informality, quiet diplomacy, dialogue and consultation, self-restraint, flexible consensus, lowest common denominator emphasis, conflict avoidance. They also respect each others National sovereignty, territorial integrity, non-use of force etc. standard Intl Relations principles. Their mode of operations is process-orientated and network-based model of co-operation that avoids bureaucratic arrangements. The Treaty of Amity and Co-operation in Southeast Asia (TAC) was signed by the member states of ASEAN in Feb 1976. The purpose of this Treaty is to promote perpetual peace, everlasting amity and co-operation among their peoples which would contribute to their strength, solidarity and closer relationship. This treaty has seen a growing number of countries outside Southeast Asia accepting it. In 2004, four more countries acceded to the treaty, namely, Japan, Pakistan, Republic of Korea and Russia. The ASEAN Social and Cultural Community (ASCC) was form to achieve a socially cohesive and caring ASEAN. It is intended to foster co-operation in addressing a grab bag of social and cultural problems associated with rural poverty, population growth, unemployment, human resources development, education, environment, and health. An example of the level of co-operation the member states have can be seen in the incident of SARs outbreak in Asia. ASEAN has been proactive in seeking to contain infectious diseases, which know no border. During the outbreak, a special ASEAN Leaders Meeting in Bangkok was called in Apr 2003; the ASEAN heads of government mandated a comprehensive regional response to the threat posed by the disease, the spread of which was wreaking havoc on their economies. Although the actual job of fighting the spread of the disease fell to the public health officials of the states, the coordination of measures was carried out at the health minister level of the ASEAN +3. Another example is the Singapore-Malaysia dispute over Pedra Branca islands. Both countries laid claim to the Pedra Branca islands although Singapore had been the custodian of the Horsburg Lighthouse situated on the island throughout the last century. The dispute could not be resolved within ASEAN; however, both Singapore and Malaysia had agreed to bring it to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in 2007. This dispute came to an end with the ICJ ruling sovereignty of Pedra Branca to Singapore and that of Middle Rocks to Malaysia. ASEAN also manage to resolve the Cambodian crisis during the 1980s thru the ASEAN-Post Ministerial Conference (ASEAN-PMC) which assumed its current form when the US, Canada and Japan joined in 1978. Security of Southeast Asia TheZone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality (ZOPFAN)declaration was signed in 1971 by the Foreign Ministers of theASEANmember states (Indonesia,Malaysia, thePhilippines,SingaporeandThailand). In the declaration, the parties publicly stated their intent to keepSouth East Asiafree from any form or manner of interference by outside Powers and broaden the areas of co-operation. The ASEAN Regional Forum was formed in 1994 with the objective of promoting peace and security through dialogue and co-operation in the Asia Pacific. It is important that ARF continue to play its role in the political and security dialogue as well as confidence building. TheSoutheast AsianNuclear-Weapon-Free ZoneTreaty(SEANWFZ) of 1995, orBangkok Treaty, is anuclear weapons moratorium treaty between 10 Asian member-states under the auspices of theASEAN. It entered into force on March 28, 1997 and obliges its members not to develop, manufacture or otherwise acquire, possess or have control over nuclear weapon. This is crucial to both confidence building in Southeast Asia and to worldwide nuclear disarmament. Vietnam has joined ASEAN in 1995 and the ARF, and the long overdue normalization of relations between the US and Vietnam has finally happened, under the influence of ASEAN. The Vientiane Action Programme (VAP) adopted at the 10th ASEAN Summit contained several measures to guide ASEANs effort in countering terrorism from 2005 2010. These measures form the preparatory steps to the establishment of an ASEAN Extradition Treaty as envisaged by the ASEAN Security Community (ASC) Plan of Action. Prosperity of Southeast Asia One of the main objectives of ASEAN is to improve economic development. ASEAN has since negotiated for Free-Trade Agreements (FTA) with various dialogue partners of ASEAN. The FTAs were established with Australia New Zealand, China, India, Japan and Republic of Korea. Since 2000, European Commission and ASEAN are already discussing trade and investment issues at Ministerial (EC-ASEAN Economic Ministers) and official (Senior Economic Official Meeting) levels. The key challenge is to promote region-to-region economic relations, particularly by addressing non-tariff barriers through regulatory co-operation using the framework of TREATI (the Trans-Regional EU-ASEAN Trade Initiative), and ultimately to lay the foundations for a preferential regional trade agreement in the future. The Trans-Regional EU-ASEAN Trade Initiative (TREATI) is a framework for dialogue and regulatory co-operation developed to enhance EU trade relations with ASEAN. Study for an EU- ASEAN FTA was then initialed in 2005 and making good progress. In 2006, EU-ASEAN trade represented 5% of total world trade. The EU is ASEANs 2nd largest trading partner, accounting for 11.7% of ASEAN trade (2006). Significantly, 13% of ASEAN exports are destined for the EU, which makes it ASEANs 2nd largest export market after the US. ASEAN as an entity represents the EUs 5th largest major trading partner, accounting to 127 billion EUR, just ahead of Norway and equivalent to Japan. ASEANs trade with the EU has been growing steadily over the past five years, with an average annual growth rate of 4%. On average, EU companies have invested 5.1 billion EUR a year for the period 2003 to 2005. EU is thus by far the largest investor in ASEAN countries: 27% of total FDI inflows from 2001 to 2005 come from the EU, compared to 15% for the US. Conclusion ASEAN was formed during the era of inter-state distrust and the uprising of communism. ASEAN was thus established with the objectives of promoting regional peace, stability and economic progress to facilitate nation building among member states. The working principles, the ASEAN Way of non-interference, informal understanding and consensus building based on lowest common denominator have been effectual in attaining the objectives of ASEAN. The introduction of new member states including Myanmar, Laos and Cambodia, had fulfill the dream of including all the countries in Southeast Asia into ASEAN. It can be seen that the strategic presence of US in the region can no longer guarantee the security of the states in Southeast Asia, especially in the current era of non-conventional threats piracy and terrorism. As such, the interpretation of Mr Lees words is not accurate in todays context. Over the last four decades, ASEAN have certainly achieved plentiful in all areas of stability, security and prosperity of Southeast Asia. The ASEAN Way has been successful in promoting regional co-operation and economic development. The nations of Southeast Asia were able to leave their historic rivalries behind them in the name of ASEAN unity. They have also taken the lead to create the ASEAN Regional Forum to engage all their Asia-Pacific neighbours for the first time, to discuss in a structured dialogue on wide-ranging Asian security issues. The Prime Minister of the Lao Peoples Democratic Republic, Mr Bounnhang Vorachith, 29 Nov 2004, said, The role of ASEAN has been increasingly recognised in ensuring peace and security in the Asia-Pacific region, through the ARF, with ASEAN as the primary driving force. In conclusion, ASEAN have proven its commitment and achievements through all the ministerial meetings, Communities and forums that it is still relevance to the stability, security and prosperity of Southeast Asia. The fact that EU and the Asia-Pacific states are willing to co-operate with ASEAN; is a testimonial and recognition of ASEANs achievements. It is not merely an adjunct or supplement to the power-balancing role played by the United States. The role of ASEAN is indeed central to the regions well being.

Images of Women in European Art

Images of Women in European Art John Berger is a critic of art, a novelist and a writer. He is also a painter. Berger is known for his book, The G which has won may awards. Berger is also known for his feature an art stick on Ways of seeing. He was born in England in 1926. He attended schools in England and then joined the army. His critic tradition stemmed while teaching drawing in London schools. After dropping from the army he avoided criticizing the Soviet Union but eventually his views of the same union became more acute. It is also beneficial to know that, in 1962, Berger drove himself out of Britain to a self imposed exile. The reason he exiled himself from Britain was because he had considered days in this country distasteful. The article Images of women in European Art is part of Bergers book Ways of Seeing. In this book, Berger has made the reader see art in a different dimension. He argues that the view of the world is not similar with the way it actually is. He uses pictures and not words in first chapters to try to make readers see themselves in a different dimension. An image of Women in European Art has different fallacies that portray the way he sees women in society. He argues in this article that women are sensuous objects that are there to arouse the male audience. He argues that there is a variance in being naked and being nude. Being naked is to be oneself but being nude is to be seen naked by other people. Berger asserts that women are inactive objects that are always available. The article is, therefore, criticized in several ways because of its portrayal of women in the European art. In this article, John Berger reconstructs the way of seeing and attends to perspective and conventions for visual dialogue based on the peoples collective and personal belief constructs. He analyzes the origin of art and the way in which people look at art which he specifies are affected by a chain of learnt assumptions about truth, genius and civilization form. He deals with geometric perspective; the setting of a vanishing point in paintings and the way in which man was induced to believe, he was the center of the uniqueness in the world as the spectator. His discussion of perspective and mans position, as a sole viewer with universal seeing power, informs his discussion of the inherent gender divisions initiated in early works of art. Not only was the viewers perspective god-like and all knowing, but it was overwhelmingly male. More specifically he demonstrates this point i n reference to European art. In the form, of European art, the spectator-owners and painters were always men and these men always saw women as objects. This unequal relationship is so deeply rooted in culture that it still shapes the consciousness of many women. Women in the society always see themselves in the manner in which men see them. They also treat themselves the way men treat them. They explore their own femininity. This is the chief legacy that he points out in this article. It also shapes the way in which the artists view women. Berger was a painter and, therefore, most of his opinions stemmed from his paintings. He clearly distinguished himself as a painter. The paintings of nude women hanged on museum walls were considered as some form of immoral act. They were seen as images of sex. They were considered as images that were there to be used and violated. The male nude forms of male paintings in museums had a different perspective according to Berger. He argued that in the past nude male paintings were seen as a way in which the imitated Christians messiah. They were seen as striving to be like Jesus. In todays paintings, male nudity is seen as not a way of immoral act but as a form of strength. They are considered to be exuding some form of virility. In these present days women, pictures that are nude are seen as a phonographic. These present opinions stem from the past portrayal of women. The question is, is there a difference in a nude man and a nude woman. They are both nude. Why is the woman portrayed in a negative form then? From the deep discussions of the past to the analysis of the present in the use of publicity images, Bergers ideas about the social and beauty assumptions that inform the way we see are fundamental to understanding the image saturated environment and media consumed lifestyle. From art history, and the basics about the changing nature of perspective to spectator viewing and notions of intimacy revealed in European nudes and modern publicity images, promoting lifestyle and brand identities, Ways of Seeing is complete in its dissection of the complexities of the visual culture and comprehensive in its exploration of our reality. Berger has played a role in modern female thinking by exploring how women are portrayed in classical painting and advertising. He takes on the subject so straightforwardly, taking into question the entirety of the womens classical images. Bergers conclusion and that of his interviewees are that the nude womens paintings hanging in the best European museums is nothing more than pornography. The women in those paintings are nothing but objects that can be consumed or violated. He so forcefully speaks against this part of the western canon. However, Berger is not without faults. His appeal of oil paintings portrays them as the highest of visual forms. This may not be the case. In history, photography is somewhat fuzzy, but according to Berger, photography, as a work of art, was finding its way into the finest galleries and museums in the world. Photography is now in the same class with other visual forms of art as almost equal. Bergers reliance on his own arguments and opinions, too, br ings problems. In almost half of his arguments, he has not had a single female critic discussing the subject. Berger proficiently weaves the visual with discussions on the subject of the visual in clear-cut and jargon less language. He clearly presents his views making cautious observations about the visual without looking into art school discussion-style solipsism, ambiguity, tautology, or prevarication. Berger also argues that judging women as beautiful is a way of an artists perspective. In Paris, a woman is judged by how beautiful she looks. Men are the ones who view and judge women as whether they are beautiful or not. This has been incorporated with judgment. A present is awarded to a woman who is tremendously beautiful. This judgment has given birth to what is normally considered like a beauty contest. Those women who are considered to be beautiful, gets the price, and those who are not, do not get any reward. This is how men have set standards for women to use in judging themselves. Does this mean that only women who are considered beautiful by men always win? Is it possible that there are other ways of judging women? Why is it that men are never evaluated in terms of their beauty? Women can also be evaluated a variety of other abilities and not how beautiful they are. There are women writers, painters who have excelled in this field and have won themselves prices (Berger, 197 2). The prizes to be won in beauty contests are owned by the judge. These judges are, in most cases, men. This means that women are available to them. It is also to say that these nude pictures have been placed to satisfy male urge and their desire to possess. Berger argues that, most of the nude paintings in museums have been hung to satisfy the sexuality of a man looking at the picture. Does it mean, then, that nude paintings are hung to satisfy the male sexuality only? Berger also argues that the womans sexuality should be minimized so that the male audience has control of passion being exuded. He further says that women are there to fuel and feed the males appetite. Who will feed the womans appetite if it is only the males that has to be fed? It is hypocrisy that men paint nude pictures of women because they enjoy looking at them and then shove picture to the woman to look at her shame. This is condemning the woman whose picture he had painted to amuse himself. While men look at women, women also look at themselves the way men are looking at them thus making a double audience for themselves. They, therefore, look at themselves as intensely conscious of how they are presented and how they look in the male eyes. He says that a woman who looks at herself is considered as a narcissist while a man who looks at whatever he likes is considered an art connoisseur. Berger argues that only a person can turn someone into being nude. This is taken a step further when Berger points out that the fan owner of a painting becomes the spectator owner of a representation of a woman; therefore, the spectator is depicted as the male and the nude image as the woman who is intended to flatter the man. Male spectators are applied in two ways in the following example that represents a picture: the exchange between Gerty and Bloom and the mention in the painting which was painted in the twentieth century. In Making a spectacle of Herself, Gerty MacDowell in the painting, Katherine Mullin Joyces; suggestive and arousal Gerty are compared to modest and sexually pure Flint of Cummins. She is seen like she is conscious of her beauty and her power to provoke the mans attention, but, Flint is totally unconscious of her beauty. This device is used most of the times to pass on a message to young ones. The prude and modest Flint serves as the role model for youthful Irish women. Mullin states that her reward for her diffidence is her u ltimate marriage to her childhood darling. On the other hand, the sexually open and provoking Gerty is left at the end not married. Why is it, then, that men paint pictures of nude women and later on condemns them? In this example, a naked woman was not married later. It is true even to date that those women who are portrayed as naked in the websites or televisions are rarely married. This is because men believe that they have exposed their nudity in a truly sinful way. Why then did they paint these pictures if they were not destroying the moral reputation of women? Bergers discussions of nakedness are taken further when he asserts that, in western Christian art, nakedness of male is a symbol of a struggle to be more like Christ, while that of female symbolizes lust and sin. The male nudity is, therefore, closer to perfection than that of female. The discussions by Miles, about Adam and Eve, are based on this argument, emphasizing that Eves believed guilt in the fall of man and her creation from the body of Adam have been conventionally treated as the reasons of Eves weakness to Adam. If Eve is a representation of every woman, her imperfections speak to the common limitation of women and their shared sinfulness. Based on Bergers Miles views, the treatment of all women by Christianity as potential witches and the credence of their expected vulnerability to evil are seen as unfairness paid to the depiction of women. There is, therefore, a great reason for the need of a new form of feminist art. Representation of women according to Berger has fallen victim to two systems a) The use of their bodies to provoke the male gaze and the ultimate objectification of women b) The aversive and negative treatment in western Christianity. The two systems are crucial factors that have contributed to the agenda approach used in art, literature, and on screens major types used in gender depiction, which was created by men for themselves. When these are examined, the hidden agenda in representation is exposed, and it sparks one of the most castigatory actions to sexual category politics: women discontinue watching the men in suits and embark on their own representation. In the Judgment of Paris, a story presumably originated by men, starts by displaying the, vanity of female: a dispute of three goddesses over their individual beauty triggers the meeting with Paris, the inducement and the consequences. Then their characters are with vindictiveness and conceit fleshed out, so there is no way that a safe decision can be made by Paris, let alone one that is just. The goddesses are blamed for all of it. Yet this story gives possibilities for the artist (who is not apprehensive with blame) to scrutinize the relationships between power and sexuality. Supposedly, as Berger suggests, Paris and other male viewers have the authority of judgment over the female beauty, but inside the world of the story, the real authority is with the goddesses. In the after effects the argument at Troy was about goddesses who were always responsible for the defeats and victories of men, by their unswerving divine intervention. The goddesss divinity has been artistically represented in various ways. Cranach decided to make their figures bright, but also weak and wife like. They are then infused with vigor by Reuben, but they are on display clearly, for us, as well as for Paris. The figures for Raphael are extremely powerful. They are nude; a world that is naked and filled with parity, but none of the representations undoubtedly represents the power of the power of goddesses over Paris to the level that is achieved by Watteau. The iconographic essentials are in this picture just as they are in Cranach and Raphael. Paris is shown sitting on the lower part of the picture before the key form of Aphrodite. Athena is on the right, and she is already dressed. Hera is retreating at the top of the picture and is followed by Peacock, having said all these. The picture is quite contrary in its components from any that had gone before this because it is representing a valuable genius in this painting; the power of Paris is utterly destroyed. Paris almost cowers, and the way she puts her hands humbly over her head is not a gesture of a judge who is conferring an accolade but that of a supplicant making a submission. Athena and Hera see this too with Hera conceding already and Athena appearing to be shielding herself from the power of the winning goddess. The situation is more intricate that this, for the power that Aphrodite has is openly sexual. All attention is on her as she disrobes (except for Hermes turned away, of course). However, all that can be observed by the spectators in the representation is her lower half. Cupid makes sure that Paris gets a clear view of the genitals of Aphrodites, and that, it seems that it is enough to secure h er victory. Berger considers nudity as a process and not an act. The question is what process? A European humanism, which tried to view nakedness in terms of individuality, argued that nudity should be arrived at by piecing different parts of the body. The reason for this argument is that painting pictures of nude women is a personal interest. There are parts, that he likes most, and, therefore, will want those parts painted for him. Conclusion Bergers representation of these facts about women; can be generalized as fallacies that try to define nudity of women. It is not fair that Berger has these opinions on women. The nude presentation of women poses several discussions on whether women are quite sensual objects that are just there for the amusement of men. The techniques, which Berger has used, are not a fair representation of women. Contrary to Bergers believes, women are not passive in the society and are not sexual symbols. The oil paintings of naked people of whether male or female constitute nudity and should be viewed in the same way as nudity in women is viewed.

Distributed File Sytsem :: Essays Papers

Distributed File Sytsem Intro CODA is an experimental distributed file system being developed at Carnegie Mellon University. Dr. M. Satyanarayanan heads this group whose purpose is to design and implement a distributed file system that allows for transparent mobile computing in a client server environment. The goals set forth for CODA include disconnected operation for mobile clients, failure resistance, performance, scalability and security. Architecture Most of the aspects of CODA’s basic architecture are inherited from its predecessor AFS (Andrew File System). Like AFS, CODA makes a distinction between servers and clients. The CODA workstation servers consist of partitions available to the file server. The partitions are made up of volumes that contain files. The volumes are set up like a directory structure, a root directory and the tree below it. A typical server would have hundreds of volumes of around 10MB each. The use of volumes helps to make large amounts of data more manageable and flexible. CODA stores volume and directory information along with access control lists and file attributes in raw partitions. These partitions are accessed through a log based recoverable virtual memory package (RVM). Only the file data is stored in the server partition files. Each of the volumes has a name and an ID. Volumes can be mounted anywhere in /coda except for under existing directories. A new directory will be created as part of the mount process (the volume name cannot conflict with existing directories in order to eliminate confusion). CODA makes the mounting points invisible to the user; they appear as regular directories. Files in CODA are identified by a FID (File identifier). The Fid consists of three 32 bit integers: the VolumeId, a VnodeId and an Uniquifier. The VolumeId identifies the volume the file resides in, the VnodeId is the inode number of the file and the Uniquifier guarantees no FID is ever used more than once. CODA stores replicated copies of volumes on a group of servers for higher availability and reliability. The list of the servers that hold a copy of the replicated volume is the VSG or Volume Storage Group. Each replicated volume’s VolumeId is also replicated. The replicated VolumeIds keep the VSG and the local volumes of each member together. Connected Operation The inner workings of a file system operation in CODA begin in much the same way they would in many other file systems.

Pynchons Gravitys Rainbow Essay -- Pynchon Gravitys Rainbow Essays

Pynchon's Gravity's Rainbow    Thomas Ruggles Pynchon was born in 1937 in Glen's Cove, New York. He is the author of V., The Crying of Lot 49, Gravity's Rainbow, Slow Learner, Vineland, and Mason & Dixon. Nothing else is known of this author (not exactly true, but close enough to the truth to make that last blanket statement passable). He has attempted to veil himself in total obscurity and anonymity. For the most part, he has succeeded in this, save for a rare interview or two. In 1974 he received the National Book Award for Gravity's Rainbow. He would have been awarded The Pulitzer Prize as well, but his blatant disregard for narrative sequence led to a rift between the judges and the editorial board. Ultimately, the book was not selected. In fact, no book was chosen that year in the Fiction Category, the first (and only) time a work of fiction did not receive the award. The controversy that followed was considerable. Keeping this in mind, any attempt at an expurgated plot synopsis is laughable at be st, therefore will be somewhat refrained from. However, given the brevity of this paper, it is possible to address the setting(s), the chief protagonist, and some interpretations concerning the title of this book.    The setting is World War II, and England is being devastated by Hitler's revenge weapon, the V-2 rocket. In response to this, two organizations, ACHTUNG--Allied Clearing House, Technical Units, Northern Germany; and PISCES--Psychological Intelligence Schemes For Expediting Surrender, embark on a quest which will carry them across the world in order to find a solution for this dilemma. That's about as simple as it gets; a cursory analysis of this story is comparable to trying t... ...y) that pools all of these colors together. The colors could represent the varying aspects and cultures contained within the Human Race. The choices presented both in the title and in the story itself create a vast labyrinth, much in the way Borges conceives the workings of an elaborate universe.    This book is not for everyone. It is the most convoluted, non-linear, contradictory work of fiction I have ever encountered. It is also one of the most hysterical, challenging, harrowing, brilliant and beautiful. Pynchon clearly affirms Eliot's assertion that fiction and poetry must be difficult in order to capture the difficult modern world. Reading this work becomes a metaphor for examining life which exists on a disruptive continuum. From this book alone, Thomas Pynchon must be considered as one of the most important voices in 20th-Century literature.

Effects of study habits in relation to the academic performance Essay

Introduction Education plays a vital role into every student, especially in our current situation where those who finish with degree are the only ones who has a chance of getting hired. Before even getting hired, people must first finish their studies. Students must survive through college but it is not as easy as it seems to be. They must accomplish all the tasks given in a limited amount of time that is why a study habit is needed. Study habits are the ways a student study. These are the habits that students develop while studying. They can be good ones or bad ones. Study habits are considered as one of the major factor affecting the student’s academic performance. It means that if a student possesses an ineffective study habit, he will not have a clear understanding in his subject which will most likely lead him to failure. If a student develops an effective study habits then he has a higher chance of passing. The researcher came up with this study since she herself does not have an effective study habit and always cram whenever the time to study is almost over. The researcher decided to find the effective study habits that most students prefer so that it will not be hard for them to survive through college works. Significance of the Study Through this research, students will become aware of the effects of study habits on their grades. The researcher believes this will be beneficial to the school administrators, teachers, parents, students, and to the future researchers. Moreover, the researcher believes that the student, especially the students in Section IJ will be benefiting from this study since it will provide a better understanding on how their study habits will be effective. To the School Administrators, this will help them to know and to inform the teachers on how they can effectively teach their students. To the Teachers, this will serve as a guide for them to teach more effectively in a way that all students will understand. To the Parents, this will serve as a guide for them on how they are going to help their children when studying or preparing for examinations.  To the Students, this will help them a lot not only in studying but also for their future.  To the future researchers, they may be able to use the result of the study in further research similar to what the study is. General Objective This study aims to determine the significant relationship between the different study habits and the academic performance of Section IJ students. Specific Objectives  1. To know the different study habits commonly practiced by the Section IJ students. 2. To identify the effects of the common study habits practiced by the Section IJ students. 3. To determine the significant relationship between Section IJ Student’s academic performance and study habits. Statement of the Problem This study aims to determine the effects of study habits in relation to the academic performance of Section IJ students. Sub-problems  1. What are the different study habits commonly practiced by the Section IJ students? 2. What are the effects of the common study habits practiced by the Section IJ students? 3. Is there a significant relationship between the study habits and the academic performance of Section IJ students? Scope and Limitations The study focuses on students of Section IJ so that they will be prepared more in the incoming tests. IJ students are college students that is why they are given more works than before. Having a study habit that suits them well will help finish their works faster. The researcher limits the study to the common study habits practiced by IJ students only. It does not matter whether the study habits they developed is good or bad as long as it has a good effect in their academic performance. Hypothesis There is a significant relationship between the study habits and academic performance of Section IJ students.

Meno’s Dialogue

I have always been fascinated at the idea of the saying: â€Å"if at first you don’t succeed, try try again. † Learning to me has always been upon the idea of problem solving, that we must attempt to figure out the truth while stumbling upon questions and false answers. In Meno’s dialogue with Socrates, Meno attempts to ask Socrates if virtue can be acquired. Expecting a bold and grand statement as heard upon by his sophist peers from Thessaly, Meno was amazed to hear that Socrates had no clue to his question, even going further by stating that Socrates hasn’t met anyone who knows what virtue is. While in their quest to find out if virtue can be acquired by teaching, they struggle through the logic behind it. Meno points out by defining virtue as a list: â€Å"there will be no difficulty, Socrates, in answering your question. Let us take first the virtue of a man-he should know how to administer the state, and in the administration of it to benefit his friends and harm his enemies. A woman’s virtue, if you wish to know about that, may also be easily described her duty is to order her house, and keep what is indoors, and obey her husband. Every age, every condition of life, young or old, male or female, bond or free, has a different virtue: there are virtues numberless, and no lack of definitions of them; for virtue is relative to the actions and ages of each of us in all that we do†. But Socrates manages to debunk this error with his example of Meno’s list of virtues being like a swarm of bees. A second attempt by Meno makes the same mistake as the first, as Meno manages to say that health is a virtue: â€Å"I should say that health is the same, both in man and woman. A third attempt at defining what virtue also comes up empty handed. After coming up with no luck, Meno states that he feels numb and confused, and this is known in the story as paradox of inquiry. The paradox states that learning isn’t possible, because you either know what you’re looking for or you do not. But rather than being arrogant or simply giving up, Meno manages to listen to what Socrates is about to teach him, unlike the old and conceited politician Anytus, who is insulted after Socrates debunks his theory of â€Å"talking to any gentleman on the streets of Athens to see true irtue† by explaining that not all the sons of well-respected Athenian men turned out to be perfect and well off. Thus, both Socrates and Meno are problem solving to find out if virtue can be taught to an individual by using one of Meno’s slaveboy as an example. Socrates then manages to draw a square with four equal sections and asks the slave to find the length of the side of a square that has an area that’s double in size. As the slave incorrectly attempts to answer time after time the correct answer, it proves to us something about how learning proceeds. The slaveboy manages to figure out the correct answer with Socrates only telling him hints to figure out the problem. We ultimately are not stuck in a paradox and learning is possible by constantly using the dialectic method, that is, constantly questioning oneself. What does all this mean for the nature of reasoning or logos and its importance in coming to know things? It ultimately shows us that mankind wonders for things and are willing to learn, even if they are unknown to them. Even in the ancient days of Athens, people were curious to learn and obtain new knowledge. The way people learn is by through dialectic method, as I mentioned earlier, to have back and forth discussion with your arguer or yourself until you have come to right conclusion or answer. As we have with the slaveboy, he repeatedly wondered and questioned himself until he manages to stumble upon the correct answer, rather than being spoonfed by Socrates. A common analogy to this story I grew up with that’s common to me is the education system I went through in Indonesia and here in the United States. In Indonesia, learning and being spoonfed are both intertwined, as teachers would give you the answer to the questions ahead of time and students are supposed to regurgitate the information back. Here in the United States, more critical thinking comes into play into the education I got here, I was forced to think through for my answers rather than the teacher giving me the answer. As in the story of Meno, such dialectic reasoning or critical thinking is prevalent in trying to find out the truth.

Enhanced Formal Communications Project

————————————————- ————————————————- Memorandum TO:Accountants FROM:—– SUBJECT:Changes to SAS 115 DATE:September 30, 2011 ————————————————- Overview The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) was founded in 1887, the AICPA represents the AICPA represents all Certified Public Accounts (CPA) nationally regarding rules and regulations and also serves as advocate to public interest groups and other professional organizations. The AICPA develops standards regulations, educates its members on various directions, monitors and enforces compliance and ethical standards. Statement of Accounting Standards (SAS No. 115) was issued by the Auditing Standards Board (ASB); became effective for audit of financial statement for period ending on or after December 15, 2009. SAS 115 supersedes SAS 112 that had some weaknesses in its terminology, definitions and guidance for evaluating deficiencies. Benefits of the New Requirements The new requirement will establish standards rules and provides guidance on communicating matters related to your organization’s internal control over financial reporting identified on the next audit of financial statements * SAS 115 will prevent, detect and correct misstatements on a timely basis * It will provide reasonable assurance about your achievement and objectives with regard to the reliability of financial reporting effectiveness and efficiency of operations, and compliance with the new laws and regulations. Communication Upon completion of the audit, our firm will provide you with a management letter identifying the findings. * Our firm will still continue to monitor progress on all previous existing deficiencies or weaknesses from previous years. * All communications pertaining to deficiencies or weaknesses will be made available within 60 days following the completion of the report. * Our firm will provide a management letter of â€Å"no findings† for your records if no deficiencies are found. Audit is not a punishment, but in a process mechanism to help organizations have zero findings on their financial statement regardless of the size of the organization. While requirements to report in writing all deficiencies or weaknesses may take more time, it will ensure for better communication and awareness. SAS 115 allows our firm to gain insightful information to better serve you in the future and help you improve internal control by eliminating deficiencies. We thank you for continuing trust in our firm for the past three 3 years and our staff is available to answer or walk through any process that might seem challenging with the new regulations. We will schedule a meeting with the members of your finance team to go over these regulations two weeks prior to our audit scheduled date. References Anderson, B. (2007, June). The Management Letter After SAS 112. Retrieved from http://www. allbusiness. com/professional-services/accounting-tax-auditing/8900335-1. html Beichler, V. (2009, March). Communicating Internal Control-Related Matters in SAS No. 115. Tennessee CPA Journal. Retrieved from http://www. tncpa. org/journal/articles/communicatinginternal. pdf AICPA, (2010, September). Employee Benefit Plan Audit Quality Center. Statement of Auditing Standards (SAS) No. 115 Communicating Internal Control Related

Burger King & Television advertisements for its products

A good promotion can help in increasing the sales and bad promotions reduce the market share. The message strategy of Burger King should be to create a buzz among the youth with shrewd marketing tactics. The prime strength of Burger King is to provide a customized burger, however weird it might be. This can be the biggest leverage point as different customers may have different demands with very few or no one to cater to them. They should not go for the main stream promotion such as Television advertisements for its products.Among the youth the culture of keeping in touch is via webmail. So using this mode would prove more effective considering the fact that youth comprises the bigger consumer chunk. Crispin might not have a very easy and smooth sailing journey while developing this message and in ensuring that consumers understand the message correctly. In order to create buzz Crispin has to develop an image for Burger King which symbolizes the youth. Hence the message should be suc h that it does not seem to be too commercial and â€Å"uncool.† They need to succeed in surprising the audience which would create the buzz leading to exposure. Crispin is required to create a message that can ‘gain attention, hold interest, arouse desire and elicit action. ’ BK should use a spokesperson which represents the youth and they can easily identify themselves with MTV personalities or persons from popular Rock Bands can be used as spokesperson for BK as MTV is one of the most watched channels among the youth and they also love to listen to Rock Bands.BK should spend the money on an Integrated Advertising Campaign. By not directly promoting BK’s product they created a buzz which leads to more promotion than directly promoting the product which is too obvious and does not appeal the target audience. Major focus should be on webmail and the advertising should be capable of creating a buzz. This would lead to the maximum penetration among its target customers which is the youth. Works Cited Page Philip Kotler, Marketing Management, Millennium Edition, Pearson Education Publishers, Delhi, 2000

Critique of Systematic Research Review SRR Essay

Critique of Systematic Research Review (SRR) Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are several health conditions that adults suffer from and one of those health issues is lung cancer. Lung cancer in adults is seen as one of the prevalent conditions that needs to be fully addressed so that the rate of deaths that occur as a result of the condition. There is lots of evidence which indicate that the numbers of adults that are suffering from lung cancer have increased. It is to be noted that the adults that suffer from lung cancer require a lot of attention so that they can be able to recover and get better (Wood, Molassiotis, & Payne, 2011). This is based on the reason that lung cancer is a chronic illness that takes a long time before they can recover although if proper care is not given then there are chances that they may end up dead. The rate of death from lung cancer increases as a result of the lack of proper care for the patients.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to the research conducted on patients with lung cancer indicates that health care providers have a great role that they play in the lives of the patients. The health care providers are required to ensure that they should provide sufficient management of the symptoms. Furthermore, there is need for the health care providers to ensure that they promote quality life for the adults that suffer from lung cancer(Wood, Molassiotis, & Payne, 2011). Through several studies that have been conducted, it has been observed that patients that suffer from lung cancer are the ones that experience symptom distress more than those patients that suffer from different types of cancer. Therefore, symptom management among the patients that suffer from the lung cancer is very important and the health care providers are required to ensure that they provide this type of management. The research conducted on patients that suffer from lung cancer indicate that understanding the needs of the patients is very important in handling and managing this condition as one way of reducing the rate of deaths that result from lung cancer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From this systematic review of the research that was conducted, it is to be noted that there are several symptoms that can be used to identify an adult that suffers from lung cancer. Some of the major symptoms as observed through the systematic review include cough, whereby the adults often develop new coughs and to a great extent the cough often becomes chronic and does not end even with continued medication(Wood, Molassiotis, & Payne, 2011). The other symptom that has been identified is that the patients suffer from shortness in breath and find a lot of difficulty in breathing. The systematic review have also identified wheezing as well as whistling sound production when breathing as some of the other symptoms which are associated with lung cancer among the adults. Furthermore, it is the finding of the systematic review that lung cancer patients also suffer chest pains which often may range from those that are sharp pains, dull or even s tabbing pains on the chest as an indication of lung cancer(Wood, Molassiotis, & Payne, 2011). Finally, hoarseness of the voice as well as the face swelling, neck, arms or even having lots of headaches have been identified as some of the symptoms through this particular systematic review.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From the various symptoms which have been identified above in this systematic review, it can be noted that there is great importance in the management of the symptoms among the patients that suffer from lung cancer. The systematic review indicates that it is important to understand the way the research on the symptoms of lung cancer have been conducted so that future research can be based on these findings as indicated in the systematic review(Wood, Molassiotis, & Payne, 2011). It is important to note that lung cancer is one of the major conditions that many nations are grappling with especially among the adults. The rate of deaths have driven researchers to find ways through which they can identified the suitable ways of managing and reducing the rate of deaths as a result of lung cancer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The systematic review provided on the symptoms of lung cancer among adults is quite extensive in its approach and has provided enough detail in addition to allowing for further research to be conducted on the same topic. From the systematic review, it is noted that there have been a lot of strides which have been made towards understanding the various symptoms that relate to lung cancer in adults. The systematic review is quite detailed in its analysis of the symptoms which are related to lung cancer among the adults(Wood, Molassiotis, & Payne, 2011). The review can be said to be sufficient as it touches on various theoretical, methodological as well as conceptual issues which need to be addressed through future research on the topic. The review however limits its information in terms of the theoretical framework that has been used in the identification of the symptoms which are related to the lung cancer condition. This lack of theoretica l framework in the study means that there is need for more research on the topic to be able to identify the various theoretical issues which are part of the research in identifying the symptoms(Wood, Molassiotis, & Payne, 2011). The strength of this particular systematic review is that the presentation of the information and data has been done in such a way that it is easy to follow from the beginning to the end. Each step of the review is clearly identified which makes it easy for a reader to read through the work. Furthermore, the presentation of data and information has also been accompanied with graphics in terms of tables and charts which helps in understanding the information on the symptoms of lung cancer among adults.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The systematic review also requires the use of tools and equipment in terms of data collections that are reliable and can provide valid data and information which can be used in the identification of the various symptoms that are also associated with lung cancer. It is to be noted that the systematic review however, despite not showing the use of theoretical frameworks that can be used to establish the symptoms of lung cancer, it identifies some of the ways through which patients that suffer from lung cancer can be assisted(Wood, Molassiotis, & Payne, 2011). One of the recommendations that has been suggested by the systematic review is that there is great need for the health care providers to ensure that they practice what is known as symptoms management It is also the recommendation of this systematic review that gender issues should be incorporated in to future research to find out if there is any significance of gender in terms of sympt oms of lung cancer in males and females(Wood, Molassiotis, & Payne, 2011). References Wood, M. M., Molassiotis, A., & Payne, S. (2011). What research evidence is there for the use of art therapy in the management of symptoms in adults with cancer? A systematic review.Psycho-Oncology, 20(2), 135-145. Accessed fromhttp://eds.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=5932c2d1-f4fe-432a-b9ad-48c737b75200%40sessionmgr111&vid=0&hid=11 Source document